Aldicarb
PESTICIDE NAME: Aldicarb
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Trade name(s): Temik
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Manufacturer(s): Union Carbide Corporation
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Agricultural Products Division
P.O. Box 1906
Salinas, CA. 93901
I. Basic information
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A. Molecular structure: C7H14N2O2S
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B. Chemical name: 2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde 0-
methylcarbamoyloxime
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C. Derivatives: sulfoxide, sulfone
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D. Molecular weight: 190.3 g/mole
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E. Solubility in water: 0.6% (600,000 mg/l)
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F. Common physical appearance: white crystals
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G. Oral LD50(rat): 0.93 mg/kg
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H. Pesticide classification: carbamate insecticide, nematicide
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I. Restricted use list (N.Y.): yes
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EPA priority pesticide list: no
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J. Crop use: systemic insecticide on ornamentals, potatoes, onion,
sugar beets
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II. Text
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Aldicarb is a carbamate insecticide and nematicide used
extensively on potatoes in New York until it was discovered in the
ground water on Long Island. There is substantial treatment of
aldicarb in the scientific literature - it is thought to be quite
mobile in sandy soil and less so as clay content and organic matter
increase. Persistence of aldicarb is generally felt to be short term -
its conversion to metabolites is rapid and complete. The literature
contains information on degradation and adsorption.
III. Soil information
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A. Degradation and transformation
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Rapid oxidation of aldicarb to sulfoxide with a slower conversion
to the sulfone has been reported in a variety of soils(1,10,12). The
breakdown by bacteria and fungi results in the eventual formation of
CO2 and H2O(8). In one study, after an application of aldicarb and
sulfone to a field soil, the sulfoxide was the sole constituent present
after 4 mo. At 108d in 1975, the sulfoxide remaining had declined to
0.8 and 6.8% of the total aldicarb applied to two plots, and at 127d
in 1977, the sulfoxide was 0 and 5.6%, respectively, of the aldicarb
applied(2). In grassed columns, 165d after application of aldicarb,
sulfoxide + sulfone was 6-7% of the total applied in a loam soil and
19% of the total in humic soil. At 5mo, sulfoxide equaled 3.2% of
total applied and sulfone was 2.7% in Westmaas loam whereas at 11mo,
sulfoxide + sulfone equaled 2.4% of the total applied. The measured
conversion rates of sulfoxide and sulfone decreased with depth of
aerobic zone in loam and peaty sand(10).
The half-life of the total aldicarb residue in sandy loam soil has
been estimated to be 1wk. Of that, the major constituent was aldicarb
sulfoxide (48.6% of total aldicarb applied) with sulfone at 4.4% of the
total applied. The sulfoxide remained the major constituent for 1mo.
At 90d, the sulfoxide had declined to 13.1% of total applied whereas
sulfone had increased to 41.5%(1).
The tables which follow describe some of the data concerning
aldicarb degradation in soils. The reference is given in parentheses
at the end of each title.
Distribution of aldicarb in soil column 7wks after application (5):
Tot.
Soil type Extr. In residue In efflu. Recov. Lost
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clay 0.6 2.5% 12.5% 15.6% 84.4%
loam 1.7 3.0 3.9 8.6 91.4
coarse sand 2.7 0.2 84.0 86.9 13.1
muck 32.9 7.1 3.5 43.5 56.5
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Recovery of aldicarb from fine sandy loam(field)(5):
Product Days
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3 7 21 35 49
aldicarb 59.2% 45.1% 3.4% 0% 0%
sulfoxide 4.0 3.1 3.2 1.1 T
sulfone 0 0 0 0 0
others 3.2 4.2 10.2 8.8 0.8
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Total aldicarb residues in field soils(3.4kg/ha aldicarb applied)(1):
Potatoes: 0d 7d 14d 30d 60d 90d
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(ppm ald.resid.) 13.1 3.47 2.49 2.65 0.17 0.07
Fallow:
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(ppm ald.resid.) 15.36 11.19 10.79 0.66 0.16 0.05
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Rate constants and half-lives of aldicarb and sulfoxide on various
soils and over various time periods(14):
_____ = I(clay loam), II(silt loam), III(greenhouse), IV(peaty
sand), V(silty layer 70-90cm), VI(sandy layer 90-110cm)
Soil day Rate Const.(d*-*1) 1/2 life(d)
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sulfone I 1-56 0.029 24
56-168 0.039 18
II 1-112 0.018 39
III 1-112 0.010 69
112-294 0.019 36
IV 1-294 0.0045 154
V 1-294 0.015 46
Sulfoxide I (111) 0.034 20
II (111) 0.023 30
III (111) 0.017 41
IV (111) 0.015 46
V (111) 0.013 53
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Rate constants and half-lives of aldicarb sulfoxide loss at various
incubation temperatures(14):
Soil incub. temp (degC) Rate(d*-*1) 1/2 life(d)
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clay loam 6 0.009 77
15 0.033 21
25 0.050 14
greenhouse 6 0.0052 133
15 0.019 36
25 0.040 17
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Rate constants and half-lives of total aldicarb residue at 58d in
various fresh and stored soils(14):
Soil Rate(d*-*1) 1/2 life(d) Total resid.(frac. of dose)
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cl(fresh) 0.32 2.2 0.40
(stored) 0.35 2.0 0.34
green(fresh) 0.096 7.2 0.93
(stored) 0.16 4.3 0.80(42d)
ps(fresh) 0.13 5.3 0.73
(stored) 0.078 8.9 0.80
sl(fresh) 0.23 3.0 0.58
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Aldicarb remaining in clay loam soil at two initial application
rates(13):
ppm aldicarb
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d 0.5 kg/ha 1.0 kg/ha
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1 1.35 2.12
15 0.26 0.73
30 0.19 0.60
45 0.09 0.42
60 0.05 0.11
75 ND 0.09
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Aldicarb and metabolites remaining (% of applied) in various soils
under different water and pH regimes(3):
% SAND a LOAM
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H20 pH SPECIE 0 1 7 28 0 1 7 28
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0 6 aldicarb 89.9% 87.7 71.5 45.5 87.9 81.6 70.6 58.7
oxid.prod. 4.4 5.2 5.5 5.5 8.3 12.8 14.9 11.3
7 aldicarb 90.2 87.0 72.8 53.5 90.1 89.6 79.1 71.2
oxid.prod. 4.9 5.8 4.7 6.1 6.0 5.9 11.0 15.6
8 aldicarb 90.9 79.3 39.6 7.8 93.5 88.8 83.9 70.4
oxid.prod. 2.0 3.1 1.7 .9 4.5 5.5 8.7 15.7
50 6 aldicarb 89.5 86.5 83.6 74.5 85.3 79.9 67.5 45.5
oxid.prod. 4.6 6.1 8.3 6.7 8.2 10.7 17.3 32.4
7 aldicarb 96.9 92.7 71.0 45.2 88.0 79.1 72.1 38.5
oxid.prod. 2.5 4.1 4.6 5.1 4.7 7.9 14.0 25.9
8 aldicarb 91.9 87.7 82.4 73.4 91.8 86.9 73.4 40.7
oxid.prod. 2.7 3.3 3.6 3.4 3.3 4.8 14.3 30.1
100 6 aldicarb 94.7 86.1 79.7 74.4 83.7 18.1 2.8 1.4
oxid.prod. 4.7 10.4 10.2 4.6 3.9 4.4 1.0 .9
7 aldicarb 93.5 92.3 85.7 69.9 90.0 7.1 4.8 1.9
oxid.prod. 2.8 5.1 4.0 4.3 2.9 2.1 1.0 1.3
8 aldicarb 91.4 91.8 83.5 79.1 85.9 12.3 2.2 .4
oxid.prod. 4.4 3.8 3.7 2.6 2.7 2.1 1.3 20.3
% CLAY MUCK
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H2O pH SPECIE O 1 7 28 0 1 7 28
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0 6 aldicarb 91.5 85.9 83.3 68.7 74.7 69.9 66.1 65.0
oxid.prod. 3.1 5.3 6.0 7.8 15.3 18.7 22.9 17.0
7 aldicarb 93.0 85.5 82.0 78.7 72.5 71.1 68.8 68.0
oxid.prod. 3.4 6.4 6.8 6.8 14.3 12.0 15.4 13.7
8 aldicarb 90.3 91.3 85.7 75.4 76.4 73.8 68.2 61.7
oxid.prod. 3.2 5.6 6.4 7.5 13.0 13.9 18.3 16.5
50 6 aldicarb 85.4 63.8 24.9 1.5 72.8 61.8 42.8 10.4
oxid.prod. 6.1 7.7 12.0 2.4 12.6 21.3 25.3 42.5
7 aldicarb 85.0 74.1 40.7 1.8 75.3 66.6 42.6 13.6
oxid.prod. 3.4 10.7 25.5 6.7 10.9 16.1 27.0 48.7
8 aldicarb 83.2 72.4 31.2 1.1 78.1 62.5 48.2 16.6
oxid.prod. 2.7 7.8 12.9 1.4 10.5 20.3 29.7 50.7
100 6 aldicarb 85.3 21.1 3.6 0.6 37.9 2.7 2.4 1.2
oxid.prod. 30. 2.3 4.2 2.0 4.2 3.2 1.6 1.6
7 aldicarb 83.2 28.6 5.2 2.2 32.9 4.9 1.3 1.4
oxid.prod. 2.6 3.0 2.9 4.1 4.7 1.4 0.8 1.2
8 aldicarb 82.1 18.2 1.2 0.8 26.8 3.1 2.4 1.6
oxid.prod. 2.4 1.0 1.7 3.5 3.1 2.2 2.0 0.7
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B. Adsorption and transport
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The movement of aldicarb in soil is influenced by soil type.
Movement below 20cm has been found in unmodified sandy loam (2) and
residues remained in the 10-20cm layer in loam soil and the upper 30cm
in humic loam(10). Aldicarb was detected in groundwater in Wisconsin
from leached soils and wasfound to move laterally from the point of
application(8).
Adsorption is Freundlich (7) and Ca and H-montmorillonite excluded
aldicarb over the range 1.08-62.4ppm aldicarb while A1-saturated clays
adsorbed more (or excluded less) than Ca-saturated clays. In
montmorillonite, the exclusion is thought to be due to a molecule of
aldicarb being unable to penetrate the inner layer of 3-layered clays.
Illite and kaolinite showed positive adsorption of 4-6% aldicarb
whereas a soil with a high degree of montmorillonite shows negative
adsorption(16). Adsorption has been found to be reversible, however,
desorption K is greater than adsorption K thus hysteresis is
present(7).
The following tables describe adsorption of aldicarb in various
soils. The reference is given in parentheses at the end of each title.
Adsorption and desorption of aldicarb in soils(7):
ADSORPTION DESORPTION
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Soil k l/n Kom k l/n Kom
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sandy loam 0.19 0.93 22 0.88 0.99 100
loamy sand 0.22 0.95 12 1.32 1.03 72
loam 0.78 0.86 17 1.88 0.83 41
silt loam 1.13 0.85 17 1.99 0.84 30
loam 4.16 0.89 13 5.37 0.89 17
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Distribution of aldicarb in irrigated columns 7wks after initial
application(5):
% Total Dose
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clay 0.4 0.1 0.1 T T 0.6
loam 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 T 1.7
sand(coarse) T T 0.2 0.5 2.0 2.7
muck 8.7 5.3 8.5 5.6 4.8 32.9
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IV. References (*denotes key reference)
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*1.Andrawes, N.R., W.P. Bagley and R.A. Herrett. 1971. J.Agr.
FoodChem. 19. 727-30.
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*2.Bromilow, R.H. and M. Leistra. 1980. Pestic.Sci. 11. 389-95.
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*3.Bull, D.L., R.A. Stokes, J.R. Coppedge and R.L. Ridgway. 1970.
J.Econ.Ento. 63. 1283-9.
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4.Chapman, R.A. and C.M. Cole. 1982. J.Environ.Sci.Health. B17.
487-504.
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*5.Coppedge, J.R., D.L. Bull and R.L. Ridgway. 1977. Arch.Env.
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Contam.Toxicol. 5. 129-41.
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6.Coppedge, J.R., R.A. Stokes, R.L. Ridgway, and R.E. Kinzer. 1976.
USDA-ARS South Reg.Rep. 103.
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*7.Felsot, A. and P.A. Dahm. 1979. J.Ag.FoodChem. 1979. 27. 557-63.
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8.Jackson, G. and B. Webendorfer. Coop.Ext.Bull. G3218. Univ. Wisc.,
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Madison.
9.Kuseske, D.W., B.R. Funke and J.T. Schulz. 1974. Pl.Soil. 41.
255-69.
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*10.Leistra, M. and J.H. Smelt. 1981. Studies in Environmental
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Science - Quality of Groundwater. (Durjrenbooden, Glasbergert and
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Helgveld(eds). Amsterdam:Elsevier Press.
11.Leistra, M., J.H. Smelt and T.M. Lexmond. 1976. Pestic.Sci. 7.
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471-82.
12.Lemley, A.T. and W.Z. Zhong. 1983. Environ.Sci.Health. B18.
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189-206.
13.Rajukkannu, K., R. Reguraj, T.R. Subramaniam, and K.K.
Krishnamoorthy. 1977. Curr.Sci. 46. 108-9.
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*14.Smelt, J.H., M. Lesitra, N.W.H. Houx and A. Dekker. 1978 I, II,
III. Pesti.Sci. 279-300.
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15.Smelt, J.H., C.J. Schut, A. Dekker, and M. Leistra. 1981.
Neth.J.Pl.Path. 87. 177-91.
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*16.Supak, J.H., A.R. Swoboda and J.B. Dixon. 1978. SSSAJ. 42.
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244-48.
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