Carbofuran
PESTICIDE NAME: Carbofuran
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Trade name(s): Furadan
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Manufacturer(s): FMC
Agr. Chem. Group
2000 Market Street
Philadelphia, PA. 19103
Mobay Chemical Corp.
Agr. Chem. Div.
P.O. Box 4913
Kansas City, MO. 64120
I. Basic information
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A. Molecular structure: C12H15NO3
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B. Chemical name: 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl
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methylcarbamate
C. Derivatives: carbofuranphenol; 3-ketocarbofuran;
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3-hydroxycarbofuran
D. Molecular weight: 221 g/mole
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E. Solubility in water: 700 mg/l
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F. Common physical appearance: odorless, white crystalline solid
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G. Oral LD50(rat): 8-14 mg/kg
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H. Pesticide classification: carbamate insecticide, nematicide
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I. Restricted use list (N.Y.): yes
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EPA priority pesticide list: no
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J. Crop use: alfalfa, corn, small grains, strawberry, potatoes,
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peppers, sweet corn
II. Text
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Carbofuran is a heterocyclic N-methylcarbamate of relatively short
residual life and is easily degraded by nontarget organisms. It is
widely used in New York state and extensively treated in the scientific
literature with a substantial quantity of information concerning
carbofuran degradation in flooded soils and sediments. The granular
form of carbofuran appears to be more persistent in soils than the
technical formulation. There is some evidence of residual carry-over
and build-up in soils although most researchers consider carbofuran to
be quickly degraded and non-persistent. This is somewhat dependent on
soil type.
III. Soils information
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A. Degradation and transformation
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The degradation of carbofuran is related to soil type, i.e., more
degradation in sterile mineral than in sterile organic soils. The rate
of degradation in natural soils is higher than in sterile soils. The
carbofuran remaining in soil 8wks after application has been reported
to be: 77% (sterile muck), 50%(sterile loam), 25%(natural muck) and
non-detectable(natural loam)(9). Of the metabolites of carbofuran,
3-ketocarbofuran was gone from natural loam soil in 1wk and from
natural muck in 4wks. 3-hydroxycarbofuran was at the 50% level in
sterile loam in 4 wks and in sterile muck in 8wks. This latter
metabolite disappeared completely within lwk in natural loam and 2 wks
in natural muck (9).
The tables below present data concerning carbofuran degradation in
soils. The reference is given in parentheses at the end of each title.
Residues of technical grade carbofuran in soils with original
carbofuran concentration given at day zero(1)
PPM residue (dry soil weight)
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days sample 1 sample 2 sample 3 sample 4
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0 9.5 +a0.5 9.6 +a0.4 9.0 +a0.8 9.0 +a0.5
7 4.5 +a0.3 4.2 +a0.3 3.7 +a0.1 5.9 +a0.3
14 4.0 +a0.3 3.8 +a0.2 3.0 +a0.1 4.5 +a0.3
21 1.5 +a0.1 1.9 +a0.1 1.5 +a0.3 2.0 +a0.2
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Residues from previously applied carbofuran with an initial application
of 2.5ppm(14)
Soil Type Years treated PPM carbofuran(dry wt.)
_________ _______________________________________
poor drain cl.muck control 0.17
1973,1974 2.62
1973 0.78(better drain)
1973 1.18
well-drain cl.muck 1974 2.08
1973,1974 3.88
1973 0.73
poor-drain clay 1974 0.38
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Residues of carbofuran and carbofuranphenol under field and laboratory
paddy soil conditions (initial concentrations given at zero days)(11)
FIELD
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days previously untreated previously treated(4yrs)
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carbofuran carbophen. carbofuran carbophen.
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0 0.25ug/g 0.04ug/g 0.51ug/g 0.09ug/g
1 0.16 0.03 0.50 0.03
5 0.44 0.05 0.44 0.13
10 0.32 0.11 0.31 0.09
LABORATORY
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0 8.83 0 8.53 0
7 6.85 0 6.67 0
21 3.47 1.02 3.86 1.73
35 3.02 1.28 1.35 2.72
56 0.78 1.74 0.24 3.19
77 0.28 2.41 0.04 2.56
Extractable (ext) and soil bound carbofuran in natural and sterile
soils in Washington state (values given in radioactive carbofuran
equivalents - ug equival./cm3 soil)(4)
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0 4 8 16 32 54
Ritzville sil(1/2 life=4wks)
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Ext. carbo. in nat'l. 18.7 10.0 5.5 2.4 0.9 0.4
Soil bound in nat'l. 0.1 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.3 0.9
Ext. carbo. in sterile 18.2 10.8 6.0 2.2 0.9 0.4
Soil bound in sterile 0.2 1.8 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.2
Chehalis cl(1/2 life=8wks)
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Ext. carbo. in nat'l. 19.3 13.5 9.2 5.5 3.6 2.5
Soil bound in nat'l. 0 0 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.2
Ext. carbo. in sterile 19.2 18.4 17.6 15.5 14.0 11.1
Soil bound in sterile 0 0 0.2 0.3 0.7 1.1
Sultan sil(1/2 life>54wks)
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Ext. carbo. in nat'l. 19.0 17.9 16.0 12.8 12.1 11.1
Soil bound in nat'l. 0 0 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2
Ext. carbo. in sterile 18.8 19.4 17.5 17.3 16.7 12.3
Soil bound in sterile 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5
Organic(1/2 life>54wks)
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Ext. carbo. in nat'l. 22.0 19.7 19.5 18.1 16.3 15.3
Soil bound in nat'l. 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Ext. carbo. in sterile 20.9 20.2 20.1 19.5 17.8 17.3
Soil bound in sterile 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2
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B. Adsorption and transport
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Carbofuran is very mobile and is rapidly leached from most soils
(2,10). The tables below present adsorption and leaching data for
carbofuran in soils. The reference is given in parentheses following
each title.
Adsorption isotherm for carbofuran in various soils(10)
organic sediment sandy loam sand
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l/n 1.08 0.98 1.07 0.88
K 27 2 1.6 0.1
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Distribution and movement of carbofuran in various soils(2)
Kd= ug carbo ads/g soil; Rf=furthest movement of carbofuran
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ug carbo/ml soln relative to water
Soil text. Kd Rf
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S 0.25 0.95
SL 0.74 0.80
SiC 1.40 0.56
SiCL 1.13 0.77
SiL 1.39 0.75
SiCL 2.22 0.49
Muck 8.75 0.30
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IV. References (*denotes key reference)
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*1.Ahmad, N., D.D. Wagenbach and G.R. Sutter. 1979. Bull.Envir.
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Contam.Toxicol. 23. 572-4.
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*2.Felsot, A. and J. Wilson. 1980. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 24.
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778-82.
3.Fuhreman, T.W. and E.P. Lichtenstein. 1980. J.Agric.FoodChem. 28.
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446-52.
4.Getzin, L.W. 1973. Environ.Ento. 2(3). 461-7.
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5.Gorder, G.W. and P.A. Dahm. 1981. J.Agric.Food Chem. 29. 629.
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6.Gorder, G.W., P.A. Dahm and J.J. Tollefson. 1982. J.Econ.Ento.
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75(4). 637-42.
7.Kahn, S.U. 1980. Pesticides in the Soil
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Environment.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
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8.Miles, J.R.W. and C.R. Harris. 1979. J.Environ.Sci.Health. B14(6).
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655-61.
*9.Miles, J.R.W., C.M. Tu and C.R. Harris. 1981.
J.Environ.Sci.Health. 6(4). 409-17.
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*10.Sharom, M.S., J.R.W. Miles, C.R. Harris, and F.L. McEwen. Water
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Research. 14. 1095-1100.
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*11.Siddaramappa, R., A. Tirol, and J.N. Seiber. 1978.
J.Environ.Sci.Health. B13(4). 369-80.
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12.Srivastava, K.P. and M.G. Jotwani. 1979. J.Ent.Res. 3(2). 148-56.
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13.Talekar, N.A., L.T. Sun, E.M. Lee, and J.S. Chen. 1977.
J.Agric.FoodChem. 25(2). 348-52.
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*14.Williams, I.H., M.J. Brown and P. Whitehead. 1976. Bull.
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Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 15(2). 242-3.
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