Crop Profile: Apples in New York

Profile Prepared By:
Eric Harrington/George Good
Cornell University/PMEP
5123 Comstock Hall
Ithaca, NY 14853
607-255-1866

Basic Commodity Information
State Rank:..............................2
% U.S. Production:................12%
Acres Planted:........................55,000
Pounds Harvested:..................1,070 million
Cash Value:.............................$110 million
Yearly Production Costs:......$
Production Regions: Eastern NY (Columbia, Dutchess, Ulster counties),
Western NY (Niagara, Orleans, Oswego, Wayne counties) and the
Champlain Valley.
Cultural Practices:
Commodity Destination(s):
Fresh Market 50%
Processing 50%

Pest Information
Key to Pests
AM = apple maggot; Aph = Spirea aphid and apple aphid; CM = codling moth; ECB= European corn borer; GFW = green fruitworm;
OBLR = obliquebanded leafroller; PC = plum curculio; PLH = potato leafhopper; RAA = rosy apple aphid; RBLR = redbanded leafroller;
STLM = spotted tentiform leafminer; TPB = tarnished plant bug; WALH = white apple leafhopper.

Apple Blotch Leafminer
Type of Pest: Insect
Frequency of Occurrence: Annually in eastern half of state
Damage Caused: Severe damage can cause fruit stunting or premature ripening, preharvest drop, or defoliation. Trees stressed by drought or other pests are more prone to these effects.
% Acres Affected: potential 100%; actual 10-15%. Primarily Hudson Valley.
Pest Life Cycles: There are three generations of leafminers per year. They overwinter as pupae in last year's leaves. The 1/4 inch long adults emerge and mate during half-inch green to pink. Eggs are laid in the evening on the underside of leaves. The eggs hatch in 5 to 16 days depending on the temperature. In the first three instars, the larvae form "sap-feeding" mines which appear as small silvery patches on the under surface of the leaf. In the last two instars, the larvae form "tissue-feeding" mines. These are characterized by the tent shape with spots appearing on the upper surface of the leaf.
Timing of Control: 1st--pink/petal fall; 2nd--early July; 3rd--mid August
Yield Losses: indirect pest; stresses tree's productivity, but not more than 5%
Regional Differences: doesn't occur in western New York
Cultural Control Practices:
Biological Control Practices: Several parasite and predator species suppress leafminer populations.
Post-Harvest Control Practices:
Other Issues: Insecticides are not effective against larvae once they have progressed to the tissue-feeding stage.

Chemical Controls for Apple Blotch Leafminer

Pesticide	% Trt.	Type of Appl.	Typical Rates	Timing	# of Appl.	PHI days	REI hour
esfenvalerate (Asana XL 0.66EC)	20	Prebloom and cover	2-5.8 oz/100 gal.	1st--pink/petal fall 2nd--early July 3rd--mid August	1 1 1	21	12
oxamyl (Vydate 2L)	10	Prebloom and cover	1 pt/100 gal.	1st--pink/petal fall 2nd--early July 3rd--mid August	1 1 1	14	48
permethrin (Ambush 2EC)	2	Prebloom and cover	1.6-6.4 oz/100 gal.	1st--pink/petal fall	1	PF	12
permethrin (Ambush 25WP)	1	Prebloom and cover	1.6-6.4 oz/100 gal.	1st--pink/petal fall	1	PF	12
permethrin (Pounce 3.2EC)	2	Prebloom and cover	1-2 oz/100 gal.	1st--pink/petal fall	1	PF	12
imidacloprid (Provado 1.6F)	60	Cover	2 oz/100 gal.	1st--petal fall 2nd--early July 3rd--mid August	1 each	7	12
abamectin (AgriMek)	20	Cover	10 oz/Acre	PF-PF+14 days	1 each	28	12
methomyl (Lannate 2.4L)	5	Prebloom and cover	0.75 pt/100 gal.	1st--pink 2nd--early July 3rd--mid August	1 each	14	72

PF=Petal Fall

Apple Maggot
Type of Pest: Insect
Frequency of Occurrence: Annually in potentially every block
Damage Caused: Signs of the infestation on the fruit are minute egg punctures in the skin and pitted areas on the surface. In late season varieties, the injury usually appears as corky spots or streaks on the flesh. In varieties ripening during July, August and September, open tunnels may occur. Rot producing organisms follow the maggots causing rapid decay of infested fruit.
% Acres Affected: potential 100%; actual <5%, >60% in Hudson Valley
Pest Life Cycles: The adult of the apple maggot is a black-bodied fly slightly smaller than the house fly. The female is larger than the male, and has four white bands across the abdomen while the male has only three. The wings of the fly are crossed by four dark bands. The adult flies emerge from their overwintering puparia (cocoon-like structures) in the ground during the latter half of June and continue to emerge through the middle of August. The flies require approximately 10 days after emergence to feed, mate and lay eggs. During this time they may be seen resting on the leaves or fruit of apples and other host plants lapping up drops of moisture with their fleshy mouth parts. The female has a sharp ovipositor with which she punctures the skin of the apple and inserts her minute whitish egg into the pulp of the fruit. A large number of eggs may be deposited in a single fruit, and fruits of the late varieties become dimpled and pitted as a result. The eggs hatch in 4 to 6 days; the young maggots begin at once to tunnel through the fruit, causing brown trails. Badly infested fruits often fall to the ground early. The numerous trails in the fruit reduce the inside of the apple to a brownish pulpy mass and render it unfit for consumption. The full grown maggot is about 3/8 inch long and is whitish or yellow white in color. The maggot emerges from the fallen fruit and burrows into the soil to a depth of 1 to 2 inches. Here it changes to a puparium, in which it overwinters. The following year the cycle starts again.
Timing of Control: As the eggs are inserted directly into the pulp beneath the skin of the fruit, and as the maggots never leave the apple until they are full-grown, it is impossible to kill them with any insecticide spray. Likewise, it is impossible to kill them with any spray applied to the soil as the adult flies may be migrating to the fruit trees from a hedgerow or abandoned fruit trees nearby. The adult flies, however, can be readily destroyed by having the fruit and leaves covered by an insecticide. As stated above, the flies do not begin to lay eggs until 10 days after emergence and during this time feed on moisture present on the fruit and foliage. For adequate protection against the apple maggot, control of the flies must be maintained from the last week in June through early September.
Yield Losses: <1%; if untreated, ~30% statewide
Regional Differences: higher population pressure in Hudson Valley
Cultural Control Practices: removal of wild hosts and abandoned apple trees
Biological Control Practices: insignificant
Post-Harvest Control Practices: NA
Other Issues: "Attract and Kill" may have potential, but probably not for commercial enterprises.

Chemical Controls for Apple Maggot:

Pesticide	% Trt.	Type of Appl.	Typical Rates	Timing	# of Appl.	PHI days	REI hour
azinphos-methyl (Guthion 50WP)	50	Cover	0.5 lb/100 gal.	July and August	2-4	14	48
carbaryl (Sevin 50WP)	1	Cover	1.5 lb/100 gal.	July and August	3-5	1	12
chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 50WS)	20	Cover	12 oz/100 gal.	July and August	2-4	28	24
dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC)	1	Cover	1 pt/100 gal.	July and August	2-4	28	48
methomyl (Lannate 2.4L)	8	Cover	0.75 pt/100 gal.	July and August	2-4	14	72
phosmet (Imidan 70WP)	20	Cover	0.75-1 lb/100 gal.	July and August	2-4	7	24

Codling Moth
Type of Pest: Insect
Frequency of Occurrence: Annually in potentially every block
Damage Caused: CM larvae are fruit feeders and cause little or no injury to other plant parts. A larva may take a bite or two of a fruit causing an injury known as a "sting." Or, it may continue feeding, producing a deep entry into the fruit. A "sting" causes a surface blemish, but unlike a deep entry, it does not result in interior breakdown of the fruit. Fruit with "stings" from the first generation usually remain on the tree, while those with deep entries usually fall during the "June drop." Subsequent generations may or may not cause premature drop, depending on the variety. Second generation larvae are active in fruit throughout August. This later, deep entry damage is a more significant problem because affected fruit must be culled.
% Acres Affected: potential 100%; actual <5%
Pest Life Cycles: Adults: The spring flight of CM adults begins when apples are in bloom. In New York, second and third flights begin in early to mid-July and mid-August, respectively. Frequently, the second and third flights overlap, resulting in the presence of adults from early July through the remainder of the growing season. CM adults are 10-12 mm (0.5 in.) long, with a wing span of 15 to 20 mm (0.75 in). The moths are an iridescent gray color with a chocolate-brown patch, containing copper to gold markings, located at the tip of each forewing. The hind wings, which are not visible when the moth is at rest, are a lighter, copper brown color. During the day, CM adults remain at rest, well camouflaged, on the bark of trees. If the temperature is above 10-15.5�C (50-60�F) at dusk, the moths become active, mate, and the females lay their eggs. Under similar conditions, the moths can also be active at dawn. A female may lay up to 100 eggs.
CM eggs are laid singly, generally on the upper surface of leaves, or on the fruit. The eggs are flat, oval discs measuring 1.0 by 1.25 mm (0.04 by 0.05 in.). When first laid, an egg is translucent. It later develops a reddish embryonic ring; this is called the "red ring stage." Shortly before hatching, the dark head capsule of the developing larva can be seen; this is called the "black head stage. " Egg hatch occurs in 6-20 days depending on prevailing temperatures. First generation egg hatch begins at petal fall and continues for 2-3 weeks.
CM larvae go through 5 instars in 3-5 weeks. At egg hatch, larvae are about 2 mm (0.08 in.) long and white with a black head and thoracic and anal shields. Larvae are 13-19 mm (0.5-0.75 in.) long when fully grown. The body is pinkish white, while the head and thoracic and anal shields are brown. Newly hatched larvae seek fruit, which they enter to feed and develop. Entry may be through the calyx or the opposite side of the fruit. Larvae discard their first bites of epidermis, then either feed beneath the surface or tunnel directly to the center of the fruit. CM larvae deliberately feed on the seeds of the fruit. As larval development nears completion, they eat out an exit tunnel, which they plug with frass. Larvae leave the fruit and construct a thick silken cocoon under loose bark or in some other protected spot. The cocoon serves as a hibernaculum for the overwintering larva.
CM pupae are about 13 mm (0.5 in.) long and brown. The pupal period ranges from 7-30 days, depending on temperatures.
Timing of Control: Degree days (DD), calculated from base 50�F, are accumulated from the date of first sustained moth catch (the biofix). The first spray is applied at 250 DD50 after the biofix. This timing corresponds to a predicted 3% egg hatch. A second spray may be applied 10-14 days later. If pressure is not overly severe, one spray, applied at 360 DD50 after the biofix, is sufficient. A spray for the second generation should be applied 1260 DD50 after the biofix date. If CM pressure is severe, that application should be followed by another one in 10-14 days.
Yield Losses: <5%; if untreated losses would be 30-40%. General OP applications have made CM a secondary pest.
Regional Differences: Statewide
Cultural Control Practices: Mating disruption
Biological Control Practices: Predators and parasites feed on CM, but these natural enemies cannot keep this pest from reaching damaging levels in commercial orchards.
Post-Harvest Control Practices: NA
Other Issues: Few sprays are applied specifically against CM; controlled by applications against other pests (PC and AM). Loss of OP's would make this a significant pest of apples.

Chemical Controls for Codling Moth:

Pesticide	% Trt.	Type of Appl.	Typical Rates	Timing	# of Appl.	PHI days	REI hour
azinphos-methyl (Guthion 50WP)	50	Cover	0.5 lb/100 gal.	250-360 and 1260-1370 DD (base 50� F) after 1st moth catch	2-3	14	48
Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) (Dipel 2X 6.4WP)	1	Cover	2-8 oz/100 gal.	250-360 and 1260-1370 DD (base 50� F) after 1st moth catch	2-4	0	4
Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) (Dipel DF 10.3DF)	1	Cover	2-8 oz/100 gal.	250-360 and 1260-1370 DD (base 50� F) after 1st moth catch	2-4	0	4
Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) (MVP 0.9FM)	1	Cover	0.25-1.0 qt/100 gal.	250-360 and 1260-1370 DD (base 50� F) after 1st moth catch	2-4	0	4
carbaryl* (Sevin 50WP)	1	Cover	1-2 lbs/100 gal.	250-360 and 1260-1370 DD (base 50� F) after 1st moth catch	2-3	1	12
chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 50WS)	20	Cover	12 oz/100 gal.	250-360 and 1260-1370 DD (base 50� F) after 1st moth catch	2-3	28	24
dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC)	2	Cover	1 pt/100 gal.	250-360 and 1260-1370 DD (base 50� F) after 1st moth catch	2-3	28	48
methomyl (Lannate 2.4L)	5	Cover	1.5 pt/100 gal.	250-360 and 1260-1370 DD (base 50� F) after 1st moth catch	2-3	14	72
phosmet (Imidan 70WP)	20	Cover	0.75 lb/100 gal.	250-360 and 1260-1370 DD (base 50� F) after 1st moth catch	2-3	7	24

* If applied during thinning window, it may impact early part of 1st generation

Comstock Mealybug
Type of Pest: Insect
Frequency of Occurrence: sporadic
Damage Caused: The Comstock mealybug poses two major concerns for the apple processing industry of New York: First, the emergence of crawlers and adult females from the calyx of apples at the packinghouse creates a nuisance to workers. Second, apples to be made into puree typically are not peeled or cored by New York processors, so infestations can potentially result in unacceptable contamination of the product. Another problem, of concern to apple growers in the 1930s and 1940s, and again in the Hudson and Champlain valleys in the early 1980s, was that the honeydew secreted by the crawlers is a substrate for sooty molds growing on the fruit surface. This problem also occurs on peaches in Ontario, Canada. These molds result in a downgrading of the fruit, and are therefore an additional cause of economic loss.
% Acres Affected: <5%
Pest Life Cycles: The Comstock mealybug adult female is wingless and elongate-oval in shape, with a many-segmented body (2.5 to 5.5 mm long) and well-developed legs. It has 17 pairs of body filaments, with the caudal (posterior) pair being one-third as long as the body. The legs and antennae are inconspicuous. The body of the adult female is reddish-brown, but has a white appearance because it is covered with wax. Because of its small size and short life span, the adult male is very unlikely to be seen in the field unless it is captured in pheromone traps; even then it is difficult to distinguish without the aid of a microscope. It has a gnat-like appearance, with delicate, almost veinless wings, a light reddish-brown body (about 1 mm long), and two caudal filaments as long as or longer than the body. It is peculiar in having three pairs of eyes (dorsal, lateral, and ventral). The legs and 10-segmented antennae are apparent, but mouthparts are absent. There are two generations of Comstock mealybug in New York, each taking 60 to 90 days to complete, depending on seasonal temperatures. The egg is generally thought to be the primary overwintering stage, but recent evidence from western New York indicates that some nymphs and adult females from the second (summer) generation overwinter, with eggs being laid in the spring rather than the previous fall. Adult females and males emerge at the same time, from late June to mid-July for the first (overwintering) generation, and late August to mid-September for the second (summer) generation. Adult females are present for a total of four to six weeks, and oviposit for about one week after mating. Males survive for only a few days after emerging.
The eggs are elliptical (0.3 mm long and 0.17 mm wide) and bright orange-yellow (fig. 3), but may appear duller because of the waxy filaments covering them. Eggs are laid in jumbled masses along with the waxy filamentous secretions in protected places such as under bark crevices, near pruning cuts, and occasionally in the calyx of fruit. The summer generation eggs are laid from mid-June through late July, and the overwintering eggs from mid-August into October. The summer generation eggs have an incubation period of about 11 days.
The first and second larval instars of the female and male CMB are virtually indistinguishable. They appear similar to adult females except that they are smaller, more oval-shaped, lack the long body filaments, and are more orange-yellow because they have less wax covering. The first instar female crawler is flattened (0.3 to 0.5 mm long) and pale yellow, becoming darker in time. The second (0.9 to 1.2 mm long) and third (1.7 to 2.5 mm long) instar females are similar in appearance, but become progressively browner and redder. The third instar of the immature male, called a "pro-pupa," is contained in a cocoon that begins forming toward the end of the second instar. It is 0.9 to 1.2 mm long and elongate-oval, with the head, thorax, and abdomen fused. The fourth stage of the immature male is the pupa. It is elongate, 1.2 to 1.4 mm long, and light reddish-brown. As with the adult male, it has three pairs of eyes and 10-segmented antennae. The overwintered eggs hatch from mid-April through May and the nymphs (crawlers) migratefrom the oviposition sites to their feeding sites on terminal growth and leaf undersides of trees and shrubs. This hatch is completed by the petal fall stage of apples. Nymphs that hatch from these overwintered eggs are active from roughly early May to early July. As the nymphs approach the adult stage, they tend to congregate on older branches at a pruning scar, a node, or at a branch base, as well as inside the calyx of apples. Second generation nymphs are present from about mid-July to mid-September.
Timing of Control: Examine the terminal growth for crawler activity periodically throughout the summer. Crawler and adult female activity can also be monitored by wrapping black electrical or white carpet tape around scaffold branches and inspecting for crawlers that have been caught by the tape. They can be recognized with a hand lens or, with some experience, by the unaided eye.
Yield Losses: <5%
Regional Differences: More common but minimal problem in Hudson Valley
Cultural Control Practices:
Biological Control Practices:
Post-Harvest Control Practices:
Other Issues:

Chemical Controls for Comstock Mealybug:

Pesticide	% Trt.	Type of Appl.	Typical Rates	Timing	# of Appl.	PHI days	REI hour
chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 50WS)	95	Cover	12 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall, Aug. 1 and Aug. 10	3	28	24
diazinon (DZN 50WP)	5	Cover	1 lb/100 gal.	Petal fall, Aug. 1 and Aug. 10	3	21	24

Climbing Cutworms
Type of Pest: Insect
Frequency of Occurrence: rare
Damage Caused: Most injury from climbing cutworms occurs in the spring when they feed on fruit buds or blossoms. The larvae generally feed only on the lower central portion of the tree around the trunk, but under high population pressure, complete limbs or even whole trees may be stripped. Small trees are the most severely affected and abnormal growth can result from heavy defoliation several years in a row. Feeding by cutworms on the foliage or fruit during the fall or summer is rare, but may occur when the variegated cutworm is present.
% Acres Affected: <5%
Pest Life Cycles: The larvae of climbing cutworms are large, smooth caterpillars, measuring 1.2 to 1.6 inches (30 to 40 mm) when fully grown. The body has only a few hairs and the head capsule is usually brown or black; some have unusual markings on the head. Larvae of the different species vary in color with most species having a dull gray-brown background color with various species having stripes, spots, or marked with dark brown, black, yellow and white splotches. The dark brown pupae resemble those of leafrollers, but are much larger in size [i.e. >0.8 inch (20 mm)]. The adults are dark brown or grayish colored moths that look quite similar and have wingspans of about an inch (25 mm). The biology of the various climbing cutworms varies considerably. The most common species have one or two generations per year and overwinter as half-grown larvae on the soil in leaf litter and orchard debris. A few other species overwinter as eggs or even as adults. The species which overwinter as larvae begin to become active as the weather warms, generally in mid-April. This group of moths derives its name from the larval habit of climbing trees to feed on buds and young foliage during the night, and then crawling back down to the ground to seek shelter under leaf litter or debris on the orchard floor during the day. The larvae often curl up tightly when disturbed. Hundreds of larvae may feed on a single tree. The larvae mature by May and enter the soil to construct pupal chambers. In two-generation species, second generation feeding is minor. Adult emergence varies among species as shown above, but the most common species are on the wing from June through September. Eggs are laid on leaves, twigs, bark or even grasses. Newly hatched larvae of the single generation species seek low vegetation on which to feed until fall when they move to the ground seeking overwintering sites. Species with multiple generations per year generally overwinter as eggs.
Timing of Control: August, when observed.
Yield Losses: <1%
Regional Differences:
Cultural Control Practices: The best way to monitor is to check buds in the lower center of young trees for signs of first feeding early in the spring and to check the leaf litter around the base of the tree for overwintering larvae. Examine sites on the ground for rolled up larvae (under clods of earth, etc.). The larvae can only be observed feeding in the trees at night. Black light traps readily capture the adults, but because of the many host plant species and similar looking nonpest species, it is usually not an effective way to monitor.
Biological Control Practices:
Post-Harvest Control Practices:
Other Issues: So rare and sporadic that not enough sprays are applied to indicate a preference of materials.

Chemical Controls for Climbing Cutworms:

Pesticide	% Trt.	Type of Appl.	Typical Rates	Timing	# of Appl.	PHI days	REI hour
B.t. (Biobit 1.6FC)		Cover	8-28 oz/100 gal.	August	1-2	0	4
B.t. (Dipel 2X 6.4WP)		Cover	2-8 oz/100 gal.	August	1-2	0	4
B.t. (Dipel 10.3 DF)		Cover	2-8 oz/100 gal.	August	1-2	0	4
endosulfan (Thiodan 50WP)		Cover	1 lb/100 gal.	August	1-2	21	24
methomyl (Lannate 2.4L)		Cover	0.75 pt/100 gal.	August	1-2	14	72

Dogwood Borer
Type of Pest: Insect
Frequency of Occurrence: Annually in problem orchards
Damage Caused: Three general feeding types have been identified for the DWB on clonal apple rootstocks. Most frequently, feeding is confined to the burrknot. One or more larvae feed in irregular tunnels beneath the surface of the root initials. At first, feeding is quite shallow, but subsequent feeding may extend as far as 3/4-inch toward the center of the trunk. Feeding confined to the burrknot is believed to be least harmful to the tree. The second type of feeding may occur as a result of heavy or repeated infestation of a burrknot. As the burrknot tissue is consumed, the larvae move outward and begin to feed on the cambium adjacent to the burrknot (Type II). The third feeding type is not associated with a burrknot, but with bark scales and injured bark, and occurs infrequently (Type III). Feeding outside the burrknot is thought to be more harmful to the tree because healthy cambium tissue is destroyed. DWB nfestations can girdle and kill a tree, but more commonly contribute to a slow decline and yield reduction if they continue over a long period of time.
% Acres Affected: 40%
Pest Life Cycles: On apple, DWB larvae feed primarily in burrknot tissue on clonal rootstocks. Burrknots are aggregations of root initials which can develop on the above ground portion of the rootstock.
Adults: The DWB adult has a wing span of 18-22 mm. Both the fore and hind wings are mostly clear. The thorax and abdomen are deep blue-black with yellow markings. In the female, the entire 4th abdominal segment is yellow, while in the male it is black with a narrow yellow ring. In the Northeast, adult emergence begins in early June and continues into early September, peaking in mid-July.
Eggs: The eggs are light chestnut brown, oval, 0.6 by 0.4 mm, and are marked with a hexagonal pattern of slightly raised lines. Eggs are laid singly on the trunk, and hatch after an incubation period of 8-9 days.
Larvae: The larvae are off-white to cream colored with a reddish head capsule. Larvae pass through six instars ranging in length from 1 mm when newly hatched to 15 mm or more in the last instar. Soon after hatching, the larvae begin to burrow into the soft burrknot tissue, or areas under bark scales. As the larvae feed, reddish-brown frass is pushed to the surface, where it collects, held together by silk. Larvae overwinter in the feeding tunnel. Feeding resumes whenever the temperature is above 45-50�F (7-10�C). Larvae of the American plum borer (APB), Euzophera semifuneralis (Walker), have been found on apple in habitats similar to those preferred by the dogwood borer. The larvae of the two species are similar in size. However, the DWB larva is white to cream-colored, and has only one row of crochets on the abdominal prolegs, while the APB larva is dusky purple to gray in color, and has two rows of crochets on the prolegs.
Pupae: Pupation occurs in the feeding tunnel in a tough silken cocoon covered with bits of frass. The length of the pupal stage is variable, lasting from 8-20 days, depending on the temperature. Prior to emergence, the pupa pushes out of the cocoon and to the surface of the burrknot. The amber-colored pupal case often remains on the burrknot after the adult emerges.
Timing of Control: July to mid-August; applications are directed at young larvae and should coincide with egg laying.
Yield Losses: Indirect pest of considerable concern in NY at this time.
Regional Differences: Statewide
Cultural Control Practices: The best method of preventing DWB infestations on clonal rootstocks is to avoid burrknot development. Unfortunately, rootstocks without an inherent tendency to develop burrknots are not yet available. Burrknots found in the orchard were initiated in the stoolbed or the nursery, and their expression is influenced by environmental and cultural conditions in the orchard. Some agricultural chemicals with hormonal effects, such as naphthalene acetic acid, can increase the expression of burrknots. Roots will develop from burrknots if new plantings are set with the graft union close to ground level. In established plantings where the graft union is not too high above the ground, a wide cone of soil can be mounded around the exposed portion of the rootstock to accomplish the same purpose. The cone of soil must be wide enough to prevent freezing injury to the buried rootstock. Where it is not possible to bury exposed rootstocks, the area around the trunk should be kept weed free to avoid shade and high humidity. Both of these conditions favor growth and development of burrknots initiated in the nursery. White latex paint brushed on the exposed portion of the rootstock before egg laying begins will prevent new infestations, and also protect against southwest injury to the bark.
Biological Control Practices: Several parasitoids and a fungal pathogen have been reported attacking the dogwood borer, but none provide appreciable control.
Post-Harvest Control Practices:
Other Issues: All commercial dwarfing and semi-dwarfing rootstocks have a tendency to develop burrknots.

Chemical Controls for Dogwood Borer:

Pesticide	% Trt.	Type of Appl.	Typical Rates	Timing	# of Appl.	PHI days	REI hour
chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 50WS)	80	Trunk	1.5 lb/100 gal.	July 15-Aug. 15	1	28	24
endosulfan (Thiodan 50WP)	20	Trunk	1.5 lb/100 gal.	July 15-Aug. 15	2	21	24

European Apple Sawfly
Type of Pest: Insect
Frequency of Occurrence: Annually in Eastern NY
Damage Caused: The first larval instar commences feeding just below the skin of the fruit, creating a spiral path usually around the calyx end. Should the fruit receive no further injury, this early larval feeding will persist as a scar that is very visible and objectionable at harvest. Following this feeding, the larva usually molts and begins tunneling toward the seed cavity of the fruit or an adjacent fruit. The larva's feeding to the core usually causes the fruit to abort. As the larva feeds internally, it enlarges its exit hole, which is made highly conspicuous by the mass of wet, reddish-brown frass, or insect excrement. The frass may drip on adjacent fruit and leaves, giving them a similarly unsightly appearance. The secondary feeding activity of a single sawfly larva can injure all the fruit in a cluster, causing stress on that fruit to abort or drop during the traditional "June drop" period.
% Acres Affected: 70% of Hudson Valley acreage
Pest Life Cycles: Adults: The European apple sawfly overwinters as a mature larva in a cocoon a few inches below the surface of the soil. The larva pupates early in the spring and emerges as an adult "fly" or wasp (fig. 1 ) about the time apple trees come into bloom. Adults are 6 to 8 mm in length, with the male smaller than the female. The head is yellow with yellow antennae and black eyes. The wings are covered with tiny black hairs, giving them a dusky appearance. The body is brown; the upper surface appears almost black and shiny and the lower surface lighter and orange to yellow. The males emerge first in the season, and as the season progresses both sexes can be found flying unsteadily about the blossoming apple trees. When they alight, they move rapidly around, quickly vibrating their antennae. The adults apparently feed on pollen and are most active when the sun is intense, usually around midday. The average adult life span is from one to two weeks.
Eggs: The female sawfly lays her eggs in apple blossoms, often at the base of the stamens. She inserts her ovipositor (the saws) through the sepal. The insertion and withdrawal of the ovipositor often leaves a brownish discoloration on the sepal or receptacle, which helps in detecting infested blossoms. The egg is about 0.8 mm in length, oval, colorless, and shiny. The eggs hatch within one to two weeks depending on daily temperatures.
Larvae: The larva measures about 1.7 mm in length at hatch. It is light cream colored with a black head and caudal (rear) shield. The head and shield become lighter as the larva matures until they are pale brown in the mature fifth-instar stage. The larva increases in size by approximately 1.4 times during each instar so that when mature it is 9 to 11 mm long. The codling moth and similar lepidopterous larvae (e.g., the lesser appleworm), which may be feeding on the apple fruit at the same time as the sawfly, may be distinguished from the sawfly larvae by the number of prolegs on the abdomen. Prolegs are the fleshy, stump-like appendages that extend beneath the abdomen behind the three slender pairs of true legs. There are seven pairs of prolegs on sawfly larvae but only five pairs on the larvae of the lepidopterous pests. When mature, the sawfly larvae leave the fruit, enter the soil, and construct cocoons in which they remain as pupae until the following spring. The cocoons are egg-shaped, parchmentlike brown cases usually 4 by 8 mm in size. The appendages of the pupae are not glued to the body, and they resemble mummified adults.
Timing of Control: The time of insecticide application usually determines the extent of sawfly injury; for example, a late application, after petals fall, will often kill developing sawfly larvae in the early tunneling stage so that tunneling scars will be short and indistinguishable from damage caused by the tarnished plant bug.
Yield Losses: <10%
Regional Differences: The pest is especially troublesome in the Hudson Valley of New York.
Cultural Control Practices: None
Biological Control Practices: None
Post-Harvest Control Practices: None
Other Issues: Pest only in Southeastern NY.

Chemical Controls for European Apple Sawfly:

Pesticide	% Trt.	Type of Appl.	Typical Rates	Timing	# of Appl.	PHI days	REI hour
chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 50WS)	10	Post-bloom	12 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall	1	28	24
phosmet (Imidan 70WP)	25	Post-bloom	0.75-1 lb/100 gal.	Petal fall	1	7	24
azinphos-methyl (Guthion 50WP)	65	Post-bloom	0.5 lb/100 gal.	Petal fall	1	14	48

European Corn Borer
Type of Pest: Insect
Frequency of Occurrence: Annually in problem orchards
Damage Caused: ECB larvae sometimes tunnel in current year's shoots, causing them to wilt. The caterpillars, which are light colored with a dark brown head, have also occasionally been found in the fruit. Typically this occurs on lower limbs near groundcover, and in blocks near cornfields.
% Acres Affected: 10-20%
Pest Life Cycles: The female moth has a robust body and a wingspread of about 25.5 mm. It is pale yellow to light brown. The outer third of the wings is usually crossed by two dark, zigzag lines. The male moth is smaller, more slender, and darker than the female. The outer third of its wings is usually crossed by two zigzag streaks of pale yellow, and often there are pale yellow areas on forewings.
Each white egg is about half the size of a pinhead. It changes to pale yellow and darkens just before hatching as the brown head of the borer inside becomes visible. The eggs overlay each other like fish scales.
The newly hatched larva, about 1.5 mm long, has a black head, five pairs of prolegs, and a pale yellow body bearing several rows of small black or brown spots. It develops through five or six instars to become a full-grown larva about 25.5 mm long.
The brown pupa is 13 to 15 mm long with a smooth, capsule-like body. Mature larvae overwinter inside tunnels in stubble, stalks, or other protective plant material. They pupate in the spring. During late spring, the adult moths emerge and mate. Each female lays 500 to 600 eggs in small masses of 15 to 20 on the underside of leaves. Eggs hatch in 3 to 12 days, depending upon the temperature. The young larvae usually begin feeding on the leaf surface and, as they mature, begin boring in the midribs of the leaves. During the 4th instar, boring commences and continues until pupation.
Timing of Control: June; August when insects or damage noted
Yield Losses: <5%
Regional Differences: mostly Hudson Valley
Cultural Control Practices: Keeping groundcover mowed helps prevent damage.
Biological Control Practices: Many natural parasites of this corn borer, mainly flies and wasps which have been introduced from Europe, exist in areas. Other biological control agents such as ladybird beetles, predaceous mites, and downy woodpeckers have also been responsible for some borer reduction. The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, however, shows most promise for borer control.
Post-Harvest Control Practices: NA
Other Issues: Damage occurs rarely. Usually, regular cover sprays of OP's minimize damage.

Chemical Controls for European Corn Borer*:

Pesticide	% Trt.	Type of Appl.	Typical Rates	Timing	# of Appl.	PHI days	REI hour
chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 50WS)	80	Cover	8-12 oz/100 gal.	mid-June; August	2-4	28	24
methomyl (Lannate 2.4L)	20	Cover	0.75 pt/100 gal.	mid-June; August	2-4	14	72

*Specific sprays for ECB are extremely rare

European Fruit Lecanium
Type of Pest: Insect
Frequency of Occurrence: rare
Damage Caused: These scale species tend to be less injurious than SJS. Where infestation is severe, twig and limb death may occur as feeding scale remove sap from the tree. A more common problem is the discoloration of fruit and leaves from a black sooty mold which grows on the honeydew produced by feeding scale.
% Acres Affected: <5%
Pest Life Cycles: These species are known as soft or unarmored scales since the protective covering is a thickened part of the insect's body rather than a separate structure. Adult female scales are dark reddish-brown, often with black mottling and banding radiating down the sides. They have a very convex hemispherical shape, with a crimped margin. The European fruit lecanium is slightly larger than 1/10 inch (2 mm) in diameter. Adult male scales are tiny 2-winged insects. Eggs of the European fruit lecanium are white, and crawlers of both species are light colored. Immature female scales overwinter on the bark of twigs and limbs, usually being more abundant on the underside. They resume feeding in the spring and mature during May. During June the European fruit lecanium produces eggs which hatch into crawlers. Crawlers migrate to the underside of foliage to feed for about one month. Female scales return to the bark of twigs and limbs to continue feeding, whereas males usually mature on foliage and emerge to mate with females. There are one or two generations of the European fruit lecanium per year.
Timing of Control:
Yield Losses: <1%
Regional Differences:
Cultural Control Practices: In general, controls will be more effective if the scale population on a plant is first physically reduced by pruning out heavily infested and sickly branches. In some cases, large sized scales can be scrubbed off with a stiff brush.
Biological Control Practices:
Post-Harvest Control Practices:
Other Issues: Incidental control from sprays against mites. Very minor pest; could become important as growers cease to use dormant oil for ERM.

Chemical Controls for European Fruit Lecanium:

Pesticide	% Trt.	Type of Appl.	Typical Rates	Timing	# of Appl.	PHI days	REI hour
oil	100	Pre-bloom	2-3 gal/100 gal.	Silver tip	1	0	12
oil	20	Cover	2-3 gal/100 gal.	Dormant to pink	1-2	NA	12

Green Fruitworms
Type of Pest: Insect
Frequency of Occurrence: Sporadic
Damage Caused: Most flower buds and blossoms damaged by GFW larvae abort. Most fruit damaged just prior to and shortly after petal fall also drop prematurely. Some, however, remain at harvest and exhibit deep corky scars and indentations. This injury is indistinguishable at harvest from that caused by the overwintering larvae of the obliquebanded leafroller.
% Acres Affected: <10%; as high as 30% in Hudson Valley
Pest Life Cycles: Adults: GFW adults are night fliers. Their flight closely parallels apple bud development. It begins at about green tip, peaks at tight cluster, and is completed by the pink stage. GFW adults are about 16 mm in length. The forewings are grayish pink; each is marked near the middle with 2 purplish gray spots, outlined by a narrow pale border. The hindwings, which are not visible when the moth is at rest, are slightly lighter in color than the forewings. Females begin egg laying on twigs and developing leaves when apples are in the half-inch green stage. A female is capable of laying several hundred eggs, but normally deposits only 1 or 2 at any given site.
Eggs: GFW eggs are about 0.8 mm in diameter and 0.5 mm in height. Freshly laid GFW eggs are white with a grayish tinge and have numerous ridges radiating from the center. Shortly before hatching, the egg takes on a mottled appearance.
Larvae: GFW larvae pass through 6 instars. Newly hatched larvae are 2-3 mm in length and have a grayish green body with a brown head and thoracic shield. Mature larvae are 30-40 mm in length and have a light green body and head. Several narrow white stripes run longitudinally along the top of the body and a slightly wider, more distinct white line runs along each side. The green areas between the stripes are covered with numerous white speckles. Young larvae feed on new leaves and flower buds and can often be found inside a rolled leaf or bud cluster. Older larvae damage flower clusters during bloom and continue to feed on developing fruit and leaves for 1-2 weeks after petal fall. They then drop to the ground, burrow 50-100 cm beneath the soil surface, and pupate.
Pupae: The GFW overwinters 50-100 mm (2-4 in) underground in the pupal stage. The pupae are dark brown and about 16 mm in length.
Timing of Control: Since feeding activity begins before bloom, insecticides may be required when buds develop 1/2 inch of new growth (green tissue) and again at petal fall. Fruitworms are usually kept under control with sprays targeting other insect pests on apples.
Yield Losses: <5%
Regional Differences: This pest can sometimes be serious in Hudson Valley; and can sometimes be severe in Champlain Valley.
Cultural Control Practices:
Biological Control Practices: None
Post-Harvest Control Practices:
Other Issues:

Chemical Controls for Green Fruitworms:

Pesticide	% Trt.	Type of Appl.	Typical Rates	Timing	# of Appl.	PHI days	REI hour
chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 50WS)	40	Post-bloom	12 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall	1	28	24
endosulfan (Thiodan 50WP)	40	Pre-bloom	1 lb/100 gal.	Pink	1	21	24
endosulfan (Thiodan 3EC)	10	Pre-bloom	2/3 qt/100 gal.	Pink	L	21	24
esfenvalerate (Asana XL 0.66EC)	2	Post-bloom	2-5.8 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall	1	21	12
methomyl (Lannate 2.4L)	2	Post-bloom	0.75 pt/100 gal.	Petal fall	1	14	72
permethrin (Ambush 2EC)	1	Post-bloom	1.6-6.4 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall	1	PF	12
permethrin (Ambush 25WP)	1	Post-bloom	1.6-6.4 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall	1	PF	12
permethrin (Pounce 3.2EC)	2	Post-bloom	1-2 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall	1	PF	12
permethrin (Pounce 3.2EC)	2	Post-bloom	1.6-3.2 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall	1	PF	12

Lesser Appleworm
Type of Pest: Insect
Frequency of Occurrence: rare
Damage Caused: LAW larvae feed primarily on the fruit at either the calyx or stem ends. Only rarely are the larvae found feeding on the side of the apple. Feeding on the fruit is shallow [<0.24 inch (6 mm) deep] and the injury is in the form of a blotchy mine similar in shape to the feeding injury caused by the redbanded leafroller. RBLR, however, consume the skin when they feed, but the LAW larvae feed just below the apple skin and do not consume it. There will often be an inconspicuous pile of frass near the feeding site that is characteristic of LAW feeding. Damage from the OFM is much deeper and similar to damage associated with the CM. Conspicuous dark brown frass around the entrance hole is often associated with OFM injury and the larvae will often enter the side of the apple as well as the ends of the apple fruit. Fruit infested during the first generation of LAW generally fall to the ground during June drop, but fruit infested during the second generation will often contain larvae at harvest.
% Acres Affected: <1%
Pest Life Cycles: The adults are approximately 0.28 inch (7 mm) long and have a wingspan of about 0.43 inch (11 mm). The adults are smaller than the closely related oriental fruit moth and cherry fruitworm. The front wings are dark brown in color with scattered patterns of grayish orange patches and a few thin transverse bands of shining pale blue. The two largest gold areas are found in the middle of the front wing and on top of the head. When the wings are folded in the resting position, these areas form a gold band stretching across the back. The female moth lays between 40-60 eggs. The eggs are flat oval disks 0.025 x 0.022 inch (0.65 x 0.55 mm) in size. When first laid, the eggs are white, but soon turn a yellowish color. The larvae reach a length of 0.35 inch (9 mm) with a head capsule width of 0.032 inch (0.8 mm) In size and coloring, the larvae are almost indistinguishable from those of the cherry fruitworm and oriental fruit moth (OFM). All three of these species have an anal comb which separates them from codling moth larvae, all are white with reddish-pink tinges, and all have a dark brown head capsule and thoracic shield. The oriental fruit moth tends to be paler in coloration than the other two species but methods suggested in the literature to separate the species by boiling or preserving in special fluids do not always work. The only sure method to distinguish these three species from each other is to rear them to adulthood or note the type of damage they do. The larvae pupate in tightly woven white cocoons and the golden brown pupae are about 0.20 inch (5 mm) in length. The biology of the LAW is very similar to that of the CM with adult emergence of each species occurring within a week of each other during both generations. Both species overwinter as full grown larvae in hibernacula in cracks and crevices on the tree trunk, or in the leaf litter below the tree, or occasionally in the calyx end of fallen fruit. The larvae pupate within the hibernacula early in the spring, generally during May, and begin adult emergence 2-3 weeks later with peak emergence by mid-June. The eggs are laid singly on the upper surface of leaves or directly on the young fruit. Upon hatching, the young larvae immediately search for a fruit on which to feed and begin mining the fruit just beneath the skin, generally near the calyx end. Deep internal feeding by LAW larvae in apple fruit is rare and many reports of this type of injury associated with this moth are due to confusion of their larvae with the very similar OFM larvae. The larvae of the first generation have been reported to bore into the young shoots of apple to feed in the same manner as oriental fruit moth, but this is rare. The first generation larvae complete development by mid- to late-July and may or may not leave the fruit to pupate. The first adults of the second generation begin to emerge by early August and peak emergence generally occurs by mid-August. Adult flight from this generation, however, may continue into October. Larvae of the second generation are often present at harvest and begin to form hibernacula in October.
Timing of Control: Petal fall
Yield Losses: <1%
Regional Differences:
Cultural Control Practices:
Biological Control Practices:
Post-Harvest Control Practices:
Other Issues: incidental control from petal fall sprays against CM and OFM

Chemical Controls for Lesser Appleworm:

Pesticide	% Trt.	Type of Appl.	Typical Rates	Timing	# of Appl.	PHI days	REI hour
azinphos-methyl (Guthion 50WP)	50	Post-bloom	0.5 lb/100 gal.	Petal fall	1	14	48
B.t. (Dipel 2X 6.4WP)	1	Post-bloom	2-8 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall	1	0	4
B.t. (Dipel 10.3DF)	1	Post-bloom	2-8 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall	1	0	4
B.t. (MVP 0.9FM)	1	Post-bloom	0.25-1 qt/100 gal.	Petal fall	1	0	4
carbaryl (Sevin 50WP)	1	Post-bloom	1-2 lb/100 gal.	Petal fall	1	1	12
chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 50WS)	20	Post-bloom	12 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall	1	28	24
dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC)	1	Post-bloom	1 pt/100 gal.	Petal fall	1	28	48
methomyl (Lannate 2.4L)	5	Post-bloom	1.5 pt/100 gal.	Petal fall	1	14	72
phosmet (Imidan 70WP)	20	Post-bloom	0.75 lb/100 gal.	Petal fall	1	7	24

Obliquebanded Leafroller
Type of Pest: Insect
Frequency of Occurrence: Annually in problem orchards
Damage Caused: The most serious injury from overwintering OBLR larvae occurs just prior to and shortly after petal fall, when the developing fruit is damaged. Many of these damaged fruits drop prematurely, but a small percentage remain on the tree, exhibiting deep corky scars and indentations at harvest. Leaf injury by all broods is characterized by the larvae rolling leaves and feeding on surrounding foliage. The first summer brood larvae feed on the surface of developing fruit in late July and early August. This injury is similar to that caused by several other species of leafrollers. Fruit damage caused by first summer brood OBLR larvae is usually more serious than spring feeding by overwintered larvae because more of the fruit injured later in the season remains on the tree at harvest.
% Acres Affected: 25-50%
Pest Life Cycles: The spring flight of OBLR adults begins about 3-4 weeks after petal fall on apples, and continues for 3-4 weeks. In areas where the OBLR has 2 generations, a second flight occurs from early August through early September. OBLR adults are 9-12 mm in length and have a wingspan of 20-27 mm. The forewings are reddish- brown and crossed by 3 oblique, chocolate-brown bands. The hind wings, which are not visible when the moth is at rest, are pale yellow. After emergence, females have a 24 hour preoviposition period. They then begin laying egg masses that gradually diminish in size with each succeeding egg mass laid. A female is capable of laying up to 900 eggs during her 78 day oviposition period.
Eggs: OBLR eggs are laid on the upper surface of leaves. They appear as greenish yellow masses measuring about 5 x 9 mm and may contain 200 or more eggs. The black head capsules of embryonic larvae become visible prior to hatching which usually occurs in 10-12 days.
Larvae: OBLR larvae are indiscriminate feeders that pass through 6 instars. Newly hatched larvae have a yellowish green body and ablack head and thoracic shield. Mature larvae are 20-25 mm in length and the head and thoracic shield may be either black or various shades of brown. The first summer brood of larvae emerge in early July and complete their development in late July or early August. Second brood larvae begin to emerge in mid-August, and feed until they reach the third instar in the fall, when they construct hibernation sites on twigs or bark and enter winter diapause. These overwintering larvae resume activity the following spring when the tree breaks dormancy and complete their development about 3 weeks after the apple blossom period. Overwintered OBLR larvae (spring brood) first feed on water sprouts and then move throughout the tree. Those feeding on developing flower buds do so before bloom and continue to consume floral parts throughout the blossom period. After petal fall, these larvae continue feeding on the developing fruit. Newly hatched larvae of the first summer brood move to and feed on tender growing terminals, water sprouts, or developing fruit. As these larvae reach the third instar they display an increasing propensity to damage fruit. The second brood larvae, which develop in late summer and fall, feed primarily on leaves until they enter diapause, although they may occasionally damage fruit.
Pupae: OBLR pupae are dark brown, about 11 mm in length, and are usually found in rolled leaves on the tree.
Timing of Control: Insecticides must be applied at petal fall. If necessary, another spray should be applied in the summer. An alternative strategy is to control overwintering larvae at petal fall as previously described, and apply sprays during June to kill the first summer brood adults and newly hatching larvae. Conventional organophosphate insecticides are used in this program. The flight of adults are monitored with pheromone traps. The first spray should be applied about 7 days after the first male moth is captured and subsequent sprays should be applied at 14-day intervals as long as the flight continues.
Yield Losses: 3-30%
Regional Differences: Most severe in Western NY; but areas of Hudson and Champlain Valleys have increasing infestations.
Cultural Control Practices:
Biological Control Practices: Several parasites attack OBLR larvae but do not adequately control the pest.
Post-Harvest Control Practices: NA
Other Issues:

Chemical Controls for Obliquebanded Leafroller:

Pesticide	% Trt.	Type of Appl.	Typical Rates	Timing	# of Appl.	PHI days	REI hour
B.t. (Dipel 2X 6.4WP)	20	Cover	2-8 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall and starting 360 DD (base 43� F) after 1st moth catch	2-4	0	4
B.t. (Dipel 10.3DF)	8	Cover	2-8 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall and starting 360 DD (base 43� F) after 1st moth catch	2-4	0	4
B.t. (Biobit 1.6FC)	1	Cover	8-28 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall and starting 360 DD (base 43� F) after 1st moth catch	2-4	0	4
B.t. (MVP 0.9FM)	1	Cover	0.25-1 qt/100 gal.	Petal fall and starting 360 DD (base 43� F) after 1st moth catch	2-4	0	4
B.t. (Agree WG 3.8WS)	1	Cover	0.25-1 qt/100 gal.	Petal fall and starting 360 DD (base 43� F) after 1st moth catch	2-4	0	4
chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 50WS)	40	Cover	12 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall and starting 360 DD (base 43� F) after 1st moth catch	2-4	28	24
methomyl (Lannate 2.4L)	5	Cover	0.75 pt/100 gal.	Petal fall and starting 360 DD (base 43� F) after 1st moth catch	2-3	14	72
permethrin (Ambush 2EC)	1	Cover	1.6-6.4 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall and starting 360 DD (base 43� F) after 1st moth catch	2-3	PF	12
permethrin (Ambush 25WP)	1	Cover	1.6-6.4 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall and starting 360 DD (base 43� F) after 1st moth catch	2-3	PF	12
permethrin (Pounce 3.2EC)	1	Cover	1-2 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall and starting 360 DD (base 43� F) after 1st moth catch	2-3	PF	12
permethrin (Pounce 25WP)	1	Cover	1.6-3.2 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall and starting 360 DD (base 43� F) after 1st moth catch	2-3	PF	12
spinosad (SpinTor 2SC)	10	Cover	2.5 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall and starting 360 DD (base 43� F) after 1st moth catch	2-3	7	4
esfenvalerate (Asana XL)	30	Cover	2-5.8 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall and starting 360 DD (base 43� F) after 1st moth catch	2-3	21	12

Oriental Fruit Moth
Type of Pest: Insect
Frequency of Occurrence: Annually in problem orchards
Damage Caused: The OFM feeds in both vegetative growth and fruit. The first generation, which is feeding when terminals are succulent and tender, develops almost exclusively in the vegetative growth. The larvae often enter the terminal at the base of a young leaf, and tunnel toward the base of the shoot. Infested terminals wilt and die back to the margin of feeding, and are commonly called "strikes" or "flagged shoots." Heavy twig infestations of nursery stock can adversely affect the shape of the tree. Axillary buds often begin to grow when the terminal shoot is killed, causing the tree to have a bushy appearance.
Infested apples have a collection of frass at the exit hole of the insect's feeding tunnel, or at the calyx end. It is difficult to distinguish between OFM damage and codling moth damage. OFM larvae feed randomly in the apple, and usually do not feed on the seeds, while codling moth larvae usually tunnel directly to the core of the apple and feed on the seeds. Later instar larvae of the two species may be distinguished by the presence or absence of the anal comb at the tip of the abdomen. The anal comb is present in the OFM and absent in the codling moth.
% Acres Affected: potential 100%; actual 10%
Pest Life Cycles: Adult: The adult OFM is a small, grayish moth with a wingspan of approximately 13 mm (0.5 in.). Adults of the overwintering generation begin to emerge about the time of apple bloom, and females begin to lay eggs after a two- to five- day pre-oviposition period. Each female can lay up to 200 eggs during her seven- to ten-day oviposition period.
Eggs are found on upper leaf surfaces, frequently on the terminal leaf of a young shoot. Each egg is slightly oval, measuring 0.6 x 0.7 mm (.02 x .03 in.). It is translucent white when first laid, changing later to an amber color. The incubation period varies with temperature, ranging from three to four days at midsummer, to seven to fourteen days during the cooler part of the season. Just before the larva hatches, the dark head capsule can be seen through the egg. This is known as the "black head" stage.
Shortly after hatching, larvae enter young terminals or fruit and begin to feed. The larvae pass through four to five instars, and range in length from 1.5 mm (.06 in.) when newly hatched to approximately 12 mm (.5 in.) when mature. Newly hatched larvae are white, with a black head capsule. Mature larvae are dirty white to pink in color, with a reddish brown head capsule. If a terminal becomes unsuitable as a food source before larval development is complete, larvae seek other terminals, or move to fruit to complete their development. Mature larvae leave their feeding sites to spin cocoons in which they either pupate, or enter diapause to overwinter. Diapause is a resting period that allows many species of insects to suspend development until weather conditions become favorable. In the OFM, diapause is induced by decreasing day length in late summer.
Pupae are found within cocoons on the trunk (usually within two feet of the ground) or in debris on the ground under the tree. The cocoons are constructed of silk, and are covered with particles of the surface on which they are spun. Early in the season, nearly all of the larvae pupate soon after spinning a cocoon. The pupal stage lasts from twelve to fifteen days in the summer, and somewhat longer at cooler temperatures during the spring. Later in the season, as day length decreases, an increasing proportion of larvae enter diapause to overwinter. Diapausing larvae pupate and emerge the following spring.
Timing of Control: Petal fall and mid-summer
Yield Losses: <10%
Regional Differences: Not as problematic in Champlain Valley as in other areas
Cultural Control Practices: adjacent peach orchards often are infestation sources
Biological Control Practices: More than 130 species of parasitoids have been reported attacking OFM; however, parasitism probably plays a very minor role in OFM control in today's commercial orchards because of the sensitivity of many parasitoids to commonly used insecticides. Before the advent of DDT, attempts were made to supplement naturally occurring biological control of the OFM. Inundative releases of the braconid wasp Macrocentrus ancilivorus provided an average 50% reduction in number of infested fruit. However, because of the large pest complex on apple, biological control of one pest is difficult to achieve, since broad-spectrum insecticides are still needed for other pests. Research has shown that if a synthetic sex pheromone is released in high concentrations in an orchard, male Oriental fruit moths cannot locate a female to mate. This control method, known as mating disruption, has proven effective in field tests.
Post-Harvest Control Practices:
Other Issues: The OFM is rarely a problem in orchards with a regular insecticide program, but could become a more important pest as patterns of insecticide use change, or if insecticide resistance develops. May be more serious in areas of stone fruit production.

Chemical Controls for Oriental Fruit Moth:

Pesticide	% Trt.	Type of Appl.	Typical Rates	Timing	# of Appl.	PHI days	REI hour
azinphos-methyl (Guthion 50WP)	50	Cover	0.5 lb/100 gal.	Petal fall and mid-summer	2-3	7	48
B.t. (Dipel 2X 6.4WP)	1	Cover	0.5 lb/100 gal.	Petal fall and mid-summer	2-3	0	4
B.t. (Dipel 10.3DF)	1	Cover	0.5 lb/100 gal.	Petal fall and mid-summer	2-3	0	4
B.t. (MVP 0.9FM)	1	Cover	0.5 lb/100 gal.	Petal fall and mid-summer	2-3	0	4
carbaryl (Sevin 50WP)	1	Cover	1-2 lb/100 gal.	Petal fall and mid-summer	2-3	1	12
chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 50WS)	20	Cover	12 oz/100 gal.	Petal fall and mid-summer	2-3	28	24
dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC)	2	Cover	1 pt/100 gal.	Petal fall and mid-summer	2-3	28	48
methomyl (Lannate 2.4L)	5	Cover	1.5 pt/100 gal.	Petal fall and mid-summer	2-3	14	72
phosmet (Imidan 70WP)	20	Cover		Petal fall and mid-summer	2-3	7	24

Oystershell Scale
Type of Pest: Insect
Frequency of Occurrence: rare
Damage Caused: Bark become cracked and scaly, trees lose vigor, foliage is dwarfed and spotted with yellow.
% Acres Affected: <5%
Pest Life Cycles: Scale cover resembles small oyster shell. The adults are usually clustered together and in severe infestations may cover the bark of infested branches completely. Eggs are laid in late fall, 40-150 per female. Hatching occurs in late spring. Crawlers move around 1-2 hours to 1-2 days before settling. The scales are white in color at first but become brown with maturity. They mature about the middle of July, mate, and lay eggs. This second generation develops and by late fall they lay the eggs which overwinter for the spring generation.
Timing of Control: Sprays should be applied at time of crawler hatch and emergence from the old females, in mid-to-late May and again in late July or early August.
Yield Losses: <1%
Regional Differences:
Cultural Control Practices:
Biological Control Practices:
Post-Harvest Control Practices:
Other Issues: Occurs rarely; populations suppressed by cover sprays for other insects.

Chemical Controls for Oystershell Scale:

Pesticide	% Trt.	Type of Appl.	Typical Rates	Timing	# of Appl.	PHI days	REI hour
azinphos-methyl (Guthion 50WP)	80	Post-bloom	1-2 lb/100 gal.	Petal fall and first cover	2	14	48
carbaryl (Sevin 80WS)	20	Post-bloom	0.3-0.9 lb/100 gal.	Petal fall and first cover	2	1	12
Oil	5	Cover	1-2%	Petal fall through harvest	1-2	0	12

Plum Curculio
Type of Pest: Insect
Frequency of Occurrence: Most commercial orchards are free of resident populations and are infested by adults moving in from hedgerows and woodlands. Injury is therefore heaviest close to these sites.
Damage Caused: The adults can injure the fruit in two ways during the early season: 1) feeding injury and 2) egg laying (oviposition) injury. Feeding punctures consist of small, round holes extending 1/8 inch (3 mm) into the fruit; egg punctures are distinguished by a characteristic crescent-shaped cut that partly surrounds the sunken egg. As the fruit matures both types of injury become corky in appearance. Slight feeding may occur on petals, buds, and blossoms, but there is little injury until the fruit is available. Early-blooming varieties are the first to provide suitable locations for feeding and egg laying. During the egg laying period, the female PC initially eats a small hole in the fruit, deposits an egg, and then makes a crescent-shaped slit just below the site with her snout. It is believed that the slit relieves pressure from the rapidly growing fruit and helps the hatching larva to become established. Egg laying scars appear on fruit at harvest as crescent-shaped corky areas resembling the letter "D." Adults which successfully emerge in mid-summer ca