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Pesticide Use Information for New York State | |
NAPIAP Survey - Cabbage -1991 |
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Integrated pest management programs for cabbage in New York state have been available since the late 1970s. Many of these IPM techniques are in use. However, recent advances in cabbage IPM research have not yet been widely adopted by the industry for a variety of reasons, including current economic forces and market demands (Petzoldt, 1990).
In today's setting, the absence of pesticide-use information can create numerous misunderstandings associated with consumer concerns over food safety and health effects of pesticides. It is for this reason that this project was undertaken.
This report summarizes pesticide-use data during 1991 for cabbage. Funding for this report was provided by the National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, United States Department of Agriculture.
For each pesticide used on cabbage, data are presented on the number of acres treated, the amount of active ingredient per treatment, the method of application, thetype of coverage, the time of application, and the target pest(s). In addition, data are provided for growers' estimated costs of pesticide use per acre, their reasons for applying pesticides, alternative control practices, and the calibration frequency of their pesticide application equipment. Also, cost comparison tables are provided for each pesticide used on cabbage by pesticide type (insecticide, fungicide, or herbicide).
Certain words and/or terms used throughout this paper are defined below:
Table 1: Acreage and yield of cabbage data collected
No. of Acres Acres
Cabbage type records planted harvested
Process 5 276 273
Fresh market 31 2,549 2,519
Both 5 792 792
Total 41 3,617 3,584
Avg. yield per acre 23.3 tons
Table 2 summarizes the 108 insecticide records for cabbage used by the 41 growers/applicators. Parathion was the most frequently used insecticide (25%), applied to 3,114 acres an average of 6.4 times for a total of 19,983 acre treatments. This use pattern will change significantly in 1992, because parathion will no longer be labelled for use on cabbage. For all of the insecticides applied, the responses "ground" for application method, "broadcast not incorporated" for type of coverage and "post emergence" for time of application were the most popular answers.
Table 2: Insecticide use on cabbage (108 insecticide records)
Rate per Total
No. of Acres Times Acre application applied
Insecticide records treated applied trts (lb) (lb)
Azinphos-methyl 5 592.0 4.255 2,519.0 0.750 1,889.3
(Guthion)
Bacillus thur. 1 66.0 4.000 264.0 2.000 528.0
(Cutlass)
Bacillus thur. 3 46.0 2.174 100.0 0.064 6.4
(Dipel)
Bacillus thur. 4 232.0 3.483 808.0 0.064 51.7
(Javelin)
Carbaryl 2 10.0 3.000 30.0 2.000 60.0
(Sevin)
Chlorpyrifos 3 255.0 1.941 495.0 1.000 495.0
(Lorsban)
Dimethoate 12 896.0 7.443 6,669.0 0.500 3,334.5
(Cygon)
Endosulfan 8 408.0 2.373 968.0 1.000 968.0
(Thiodan)
Esfenvalerate 11 1,140.0 3.032 3,456.0 0.050 172.8
(Asana)
Malathion 1 1.0 3.000 3.0 1.250 3.8
(Cythion)
Methamidophos 8 515.0 1.707 879.0 1.000 879.0
(Monitor)
Methomyl 1 55.0 1.000 55.0 0.900 49.5
(Lannate)
Mevinphos 4 307.0 1.147 352.0 0.250 88.0
(Phosdrin)
Naled 1 66.0 1.000 66.0 2.000 132.0
(Dibrom)
Oxydemeton-methyl 2 83.0 2.000 166.0 0.750 124.5
(Metasystox-R)
Parathion 27 3,114.0 6.417 19,983.0 0.500 9,991.5
(Parathion)
Permethrin 10 1,417.0 2.924 4,144.0 0.200 828.8
(Ambush)
Permethrin 4 436.0 1.509 658.0 0.200 131.6
(Pounce)
Table 3 shows the total pounds of insecticide active ingredients applied to cabbage by county. As expected, counties with the greatest number of acres of cabbage, applied the greatest amount of insecticide active ingredient. The amount increases proportionately with the number of acres, applying 2.4-7.7 pounds of active ingredient per acre (lbs AI/A).
Table 3: Total pounds of insecticide active ingredient applied to NYS
cabbage in 1991 by county
lbs Acres
County Active in
Ingredient Cabbage
Chenango 43.2 18
Genesee 2,548.0 332
Monroe 10,200.9 1866
Niagara 981.5 233
Ontario, Wayne & Yates 2,692.7 479
Orleans 2,639.5 431
Rensselaer 3.8 1
Suffolk 285.3 not given
Table 4 indicates that the imported cabbageworm, diamondback moth and cabbage looper were the most frequently targeted pests (57.4%, 54.6% and 51.9% of insecticide treatments respectively). The fact that there were 278 responses for 108 insecticides used indicates that each insecticide was used to treat an average of 2.5 pests.
Table 4: Frequency of insecticide treatment for target pests on cabbage
(108 insecticide records)
Number of Percent of
Target Pest responses records
Flea beetle 30 27.8
Imported cabbageworm 62 57.4
Cabbage aphid 21 19.4
Thrips 46 42.6
Diamondback moth 59 54.6
Cabbage looper 56 51.9
Insect unspecified 4 3.7
Table 5 shows the number of acre treatments of specific insecticides for each target pest found on cabbage. Flea beetles were most often controlled with parathion (68.1%) as were imported cabbageworms (53.4%), cabbage aphids (74.3%), thrips (60.2%) and diamondback moth (41.8%); all other insecticides used accounted for very little of their treatment. Cabbage looper was the only pest that was controlled by more than parathion in any significant amount. Dimethoate (Cygon) was used for 27.6% looper control.
Table 5: Percent of acre treatments for target pests on cabbage (108
insecticide records)
FB=flea beetle, ICW=imported cabbageworm, CA=cabbage aphip, TH=thrips,
DBM=diamond-backed moth, CL=cabbage looper
FB ICW CA TH DBM CL
Active Ingredient % % % % % %
Azinphos-methyl 14.1 1.7 6.8 0.1 6.5 0.6
Bt - 2.6 - - 3.5 5.7
Carbaryl 0.1 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1
Chlorpyrifos 1.2 0.2 - - 1.0 1.6
Dimethoate 3.5 17.8 3.0 24.1 18.6 27.6
Endosulfan 4.5 2.9 - 2.4 1.6 2.8
Esfenvalerate 3.4 8.2 0.1 5.1 8.2 9.6
Malathion <0.1 - - - - <0.1
Methamidophos - 1.1 4.3 1.3 2.1 3.4
Methomyl - 0.2 0.9 - 0.2 0.3
Mevinphos - 1.0 - 0.1 1.1 1.4
Naled - 0.2 - - 0.2 -
Oxydemeton-methyl - 0.5 2.7 0.6 0.5 0.8
Parathion 68.1 53.5 74.3 60.2 41.8 36.7
Permethrin 5.1 10.0 7.8 6.1 14.6 9.3
A cost comparison of insecticides used in cabbage production is shown in Table 6. It is understandable why parathion is so widely used as it costs only $2.04 per acre per application.
Table 6: Cost comparison of insecticides used in cabbage production
Maximum *Median Cost per Avg. #
rate/A cost/lb acre per times Total
Insecticide (AI) (lbs of AI) of AI application applied cost
Ambush(permethrin) 0.2 $56.00 $11.20 2.9 $32.48
Asana(esfenvalerate) 0.05 167.88 8.39 3.0 25.17
Cygon(dimethoate) 0.5 7.12 3.56 7.4 26.34
Cythion(malathion) 1.25 3.94 4.93 3.0 14.79
Dibrom(naled) 2.0 6.38 12.76 1.0 12.76
Dipel(Bt) 0.064 216.87 13.88 2.2 30.53
Guthion(azinphos-methyl) 0.75 14.65 10.99 4.3 47.26
Javelin(Bt) 0.064 224.84 14.39 3.5 50.37
Lannate(methomyl) 0.9 22.22 20.00 1.0 20.00
Lorsban(chlorpyrifos) 1.0 10.94 10.94 1.9 20.79
Metasystox-R(oxydemeton- 0.75 19.85 14.89 2.0 29.78
methyl)
Monitor(methamidophos) 1.0 14.38 14.38 1.7 24.45
Parathion(parathion) 0.5 4.08 2.04 6.4 13.05
Phosdrin(mevinphos) 0.25 22.00 5.50 1.1 6.05
Pounce(permethrin) 0.2 50.28 10.06 1.5 15.09
Sevin(carbaryl) 2.0 5.56 11.12 3.0 33.36
Thiodan(endosulfan) 1.0 29.98 29.98 2.4 71.95
*Price obtained from AGCHEMPRICE Current U.S.A. Prices of Non-Fertilizer
Agricultural Chemicals April 1992. Published by DPRA Incorporated.
As this is a 1992 edition, 1991 costs may not be accurately reflected.
Table 7 summarizes the 33 fungicide records for cabbage. Chlorothalonil (Bravo - all formulations) was the most frequently used fungicide (63.6%), applied to 2,501 acres an average of 2.5 times for a total of 6,323 acre treatments. The application method used most often for chlorothalonil was by ground application (71%); the most common type of coverage was "broadcast not incorporated" (71%) and the most common timing of coverage was post emergence (90%).
Table 7: Fungicide use on cabbage (33 fungicide records)
Rate per Total
No. of Acres Times Acre application applied
Fungicide records treated applied trts (lb) (lb)
Benomyl 2 405.0 5.000 2,025.0 1.000 2,025.0
(Benlate)
Captan 3 800.3 2.999 2,400.3 0.280 672.1
(Captan)
Chlorothalonil 20 2,431.0 2.535 6,163.0 1.125 6,933.4
(Bravo)
Chlorothalonil 1 160.0 1.000 160.0 1.173 187.7
(Bravo 500)
Copper 1 5.0 1.000 5.0
(Copper)
Copper hydroxide 2 96.0 1.000 96.0 0.570 54.7
(Kocide 101)
Copper hydroxide 1 82.0 2.000 164.0 0.330 54.1
(Kocide 606)
Metalaxyl/ 2 70.0 3.857 270.0 1.440 388.8
chlorothalonil (Ridomil/Bravo)
Thiram 1 8.0 3.000 24.0 0.280 6.7
(Thiram)
Table 8 shows the total pounds of fungicide active ingredients applied by county. In contrast to insecticide use by county (Table 3), fungicide use is concentrated in Monroe county. Here fungicide application is indicated at a rate of 4.2 lbs AI/A versus 0.2-2.2 lbs AI/A for the other counties.
Table 8: Total pounds of fungicide active ingredient applied to NYS
cabbage in 1991 by county
lbs Acres
County Active in
Ingredient Cabbage
Genesee 565.3 332
Monroe 7,904.3 1866
Niagara 220.8 233
Ontario, Wayne & Yates 128.3 479
Orleans 946.4 431
Suffolk 557.1 not given
Table 9 summarizes the use of fungicides for specific target pests on cabbage. Table 9 indicates that the major disease treated for was alternaria leaf spot (69.7% of fungicide treatments) followed by black rot (36.4%). All other target pests were insignificant.
Table 9: Frequency of fungicide treatment for target pests on cabbage
(33 fungicide records)
Number of Percent of
Target Pest responses records
Alternaria leaf spot 23 69.7
Black rot 12 36.4
Black leg 1 3.0
Seed decay 1 3.0
Fusarium yellows 2 6.1
Root rot 1 3.0
Downy mildew 4 12.1
Don't know 1 3.0
Not specified 3 9.1
A cost comparison of fungicides used in cabbage production is shown in Table 10.
Table 10: Cost comparison of fungicides used in cabbage production
Maximum *Median Cost per Avg. #
rate/A cost/lb acre per times Total
Fungicide (AI) (lbs of AI) of AI application applied cost
Benlate(benomyl) 1.0 $30.90 $30.90 5 $154.50
Bravo(chlorothalonil) 1.125 6.73 7.57 2.5 18.92
Bravo 500(chlorothalonil) 1.173 7.83 9.18 1.0 9.18
Captan(captan) 0.28 4.12 1.15 3.0 3.45
Kocide 101(CuOH) 0.57 2.09 1.19 1.0 1.19
Kocide 606(CuOH) 0.33 12.95 4.27 2.0 8.54
Ridomil/Bravo(metalaxyl/ 1.62 13.11 21.24 3.9 82.84
chlorothalonil)
*Price obtained from AGCHEMPRICE Current U.S.A. Prices of Non-Fertilizer
Agricultural Chemicals. April 1992. Published by DPRA Incorporated.
As this is a 1992 edition, 1991 costs may not be accurately reflected.
Table 11 summarizes the 43 herbicide records for cabbage. Trifluralin (Treflan) was the most frequently used (69.8%), applied to 2,709 acres an average of 1.01 times for a total of 2,739 acre treatments. The application method used 100% of the time to apply trifluralin was ground application; the most common type of coverage was broadcast incorporated (90.0%) and the most common timing of coverage was pre-planting (96.7%).
Table 11: Herbicide use on cabbage (43 herbicide records)
Rate per Total
No. of Acres Times Acre application applied
Herbicide records treated applied trts (lb) (lb)
DCPA 2 257.0 1.00 257.0 10.500 2,698.5
(Dacthal)
Metolachlor 7 1,025.0 1.00 1,025.0 2.000 2,050.0
(Dual)
Napropamide 3 77.0 1.00 77.0 2.000 154.0
(Devrinol)
Sethoxydim 1 10.0 1.00 10.0
(Poast)
Trifluralin 30 2,709.0 1.01 2,739.0 0.750 2,054.3
(Treflan)
Table 12 shows the total pounds of herbicide active ingredients applied within a county. As with insecticide use (Table 3), total pounds of herbicide active ingredients increase with the number of acres planted in cabbage. Herbicide applications range from 0.75 - 2.4 lbs AI/A.
Table 12: Total pounds of herbicide active ingredient applied to NYS
cabbage in 1991 by county
lbs Acres in
County AI Cabbage
Chenango 13.5 18
Genesee 746.0 332
Monroe 4,392.0 1866
Niagara 418.5 233
Ontario, Wayne & Yates 787.3 479
Orleans 683.3 431
Metolachlor (Dual) use in table 11 is only indicative for 7 growers. The New York State Vegetable Growers Association has obtained a Third Party Registration label for the use of Dual herbicide on transplanted cabbage. Therefore, the records of all growers who used Dual for their 1991 cabbage crop were available as data. Table 13 summarizes Dual use by county. Dual is being applied at an average rate of 3.1 lbs AI/A. This would include two plantings of cabbage.
Table 13: Metolachlor (Dual) herbicide use on NYS cabbage
for 1991 by county
Number of Number of *lbs Metolachlor
County records acres applied
Albany 1 15 30.0
Broome 1 4 16.0
Cayuga 1 25 18.8
Cortland 2 17 38.0
Genesee 3 240 825.0
Madison 1 50 100.0
Monroe 4 1,200 4,400.0
Niagara 10 1,355 3,510.0
Ontario 4 305 1,010.0
Orleans 8 500 1,500.0
Wayne 2 140 560.0
Yates 1 100 300.0
Total 38 3,951 12,307.8
* Assumes all that was ordered was used in 1991.
Table 14 summarizes the use of herbicides for specific target pests on cabbage. The major weeds requiring control are the annual broadleaf weeds (70.1% of herbicide applications) followed by the annual grasses (60.5%).
Table 14: Frequency of herbicide treatment for target pests on cabbage
(43 herbicide records)
Number of Percent of
Target Pest responses records
Annual broadleaf 34 70.1
Perennial broadleaf 9 20.9
Annual grass 26 60.5
Perennial grass 15 34.9
Biennial weeds 1 2.3
Weed unspecified 2 4.7
Table 15 shows the percent of acre treatments treated by specific herbicides for each target pest found in cabbage. Annual broadleaf weeds are being treated with trifluralin (Treflan) (76.5%) as are perennial broadleaf weeds (100.0%). Annual grasses are being treated with trifluralin (55.9%) followed by metolachlor (Dual) (32.1%) while perennial grasses are being treated with metolachlor (62.9%) followed by trifluralin (20.8%).
Table 15: Percent of acre treatments treated with herbicides for target
pests on cabbage (43 herbicide records)
Annual Perennial Annual Perennial Biennial
broadleaf broadleaf grass grass weeds
Herbicide % % % % %
DCPA 9.1 - 9.5 15.7 -
Metolachlor 12.0 - 32.1 62.9 -
Napropamide 2.4 - 2.5 - -
Sethoxydim - - - 0.6 -
Trifluralin 76.5 100.0 55.9 20.8 100.0
A cost comparison of herbicides used in cabbage production is shown in Table 16.
Table 16: Cost comparison of herbicides used in cabbage production
Maximum *Median Cost per Avg. #
rate/A cost/lb acre per times Total
Herbicide (AI) (lbs of AI) of AI application applied cost
Dacthal(DCPA) 10.5 $6.80 $71.40 1.00 $71.40
Devrinol(napropamide) 2.0 18.35 36.70 1.00 36.70
Dual(metolachlor) 2.0 7.81 15.62 1.00 15.62
Poast(sethoxydim) 0.28 78.00 21.84 1.00 21.84
Treflan(trifluralin) 0.75 6.92 5.19 1.01 5.24
*Price obtained from AGCHEMPRICE Current U.S.A. Prices of Non-Fertilizer
Agricultural Chemicals. April 1992. Published by DPRA Incorporated.
As this is a 1992 edition, 1991 costs may not be accurately reflected.
Table 17: Basis used to decide whether or not to apply pesticides to crop (36 records) Basis for applying Number of Percent of pesticides to crop responses records Presence of pest on the basis of scouting 32 88.9 Treat on routine schedule 4 11.1 Cooperative extension recommendation 13 36.1 Chemical salesperson recommendation 12 33.3 Farmer/grower recommendation 4 11.1 Private consultant recommendation 13 36.1 Crop Management Association recommendation 2 5.6
Table 18 summarizes the alternative methods growers are using to control insects, diseases and weeds of cabbage. More than three- quarters of the growers surveyed are using cultivation, crop rotation and resistant varieties.
Table 27: Alternative methods to control insects, diseases and weeds of cabbage (36 records) Alternative methods Number of Percent of of control responses records Early harvest 3 8.3 Crop rotation 30 83.3 Resistant varieties 27 75.0 Biocontrols-predators/parasites 2 5.6 Improve drainage 10 27.8 Plant in location best suited for crop 18 50.0 Cultivation 32 88.9 Timely planting 11 30.6 Row cover 1 2.8
This insecticide usage can probably be attributed to the fact that in the last 4 years, the diamondback moth (DBM) has become the most serious pest of crucifers in New York; its increased pest status has significantly increased insecticide use (Shelton, et. al., 1991). According to Shelton, et. al., (1991) DBM's resistance to insecticides was documented in 1988, therefore New York cabbage growers can no longer rely on chemicals to suppress DBM populations consistently. An evaluation of insecticide use on between 12 and 35 fields from 1978 through 1981 indicated that a 49% reduction in insecticides and a 54% improvement in control of cabbage Lepidoptera resulted from utilizing scouting and thresholds (Petzoldt, et. al., 1991). Research in 1991 demonstrated that cabbage pests can be managed in a manner modified to minimize environmental impacts without affecting yield or quality, or increasing management costs, by using alternative methods and integrated pest management (IPM) techniques (Petzoldt, et. al., 1991). The results of this survey would indicate that growers may not be utilizing IPM practices as widely as we would like.
The control of black rot and alternaria leaf spot were the major reasons for the application of fungicides by the growers surveyed. However, using resistant varieties is a more effective management practice than the application of copper or other fungicides for the control of black rot (Dillard, 1991). Again, as with insecticide usage, this would indicate IPM techniques are not being used by New York cabbage growers.
According to Herbicide Use in the United States, National Summary Report, April 1991, herbicide use on cabbage in 1990 was 230,000 lbs. AI/yr. From our survey, herbicide usage totaled 6,982 lbs AI on cabbage in 1991, or 3% of the national usage. The major herbicides used in New York were trifluralin (Treflan) and metolachlor (Dual) to control annual broadleaf weeds and annual grasses. National usage of trifluralin on cabbage was 31,519 lbs AI compared to 2,054 lbs from our survey (6.5% of national usage). Metolachlor is not listed in Herbicide Use in the United States for cabbage, but New York State usage for other agricultural commodities is listed at 885,629 lbs. Metolachlor use on cabbage in our survey totaled 12,308 lbs or 1.3% of that used in New York State. DCPA was used nationally on cabbage at 147,167 lbs. From this survey, 2,699 lbs represents 1.8% of national use. Napropamide usage in New York State was 154 lbs or 1.1% of the national use (14,000 lbs.).
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