Pest and Pesticide Use Assessment
for Poultry Production Systems
in New York State
Results and Discussion
Table. 1 illustrates the total number of birds associated with respondent
poultry operations from each county where poultry data were collected. Most
surveys collected indicated flock size. The surveys encompassed a total of 4,764,888
birds in 21 counties. Poultry housing type is summarized in Tables 2-4. Poultry were most
commonly housed in caged- layer houses (61.29%); 75.0% of the caged-layer houses were high
rise and 93.75% of layer houses had concrete floors.
|
Table 1. Operation Type and Number of Birds
|
|
|
|
County |
Poultry Type |
# of
Operations |
Total Number
of Birds |
|
Broome |
Layer |
1 |
3000 |
|
|
Pullet |
1 |
1000 |
|
Cayuga |
Pullet |
1 |
56000 |
|
Dutchess |
Broiler |
1 |
3000 |
|
|
Layer |
1 |
10000 |
|
Erie |
Layer |
1 |
426688 |
|
|
Pullet |
1 |
150000 |
|
Genesee |
Layer |
1 |
30000 |
|
Herkimer |
Layer |
1 |
2500 |
|
|
Pullet |
1 |
600 |
|
Jefferson |
Layer |
1 |
unknown |
|
Onondaga |
Layer |
2 |
195000 |
|
|
Pullet |
1 |
50000 |
|
|
Turkey |
1 |
600000 |
|
Ontario |
Broiler |
1 |
unknown |
|
Orange |
Layer |
1 |
130000 |
|
|
Pullet |
1 |
20000 |
|
Saratoga |
Layer |
1 |
180000 |
|
|
Pullet |
1 |
45000 |
|
Schenectady |
Layer |
1 |
35000 |
|
Schyler |
Layer |
1 |
28000 |
|
Seneca |
Pullet |
1 |
7000 |
|
Suffolk |
Duck |
2 |
875000 |
|
|
Turkey |
1 |
unknown |
|
Sullivan |
Broiler |
3 |
114000 |
|
|
Layer |
2 |
385000 |
|
|
Pullet |
1 |
30000 |
|
Tioga |
Ostrich |
1 |
100 |
|
Tompkins |
Layer |
3 |
108000 |
|
|
Pullet |
2 |
70000 |
|
Wayne |
Layer |
1 |
850000 |
|
|
Pullet |
1 |
240000 |
|
Wyoming |
Layer |
1 |
60000 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Totals: |
21 |
|
42 |
4764888 |
|
|
Table 2. Poultry Housing |
|
|
|
Housing Type |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (31) |
|
Caged-layer house |
19 |
61.29% |
|
Pullet operation |
11 |
35.48% |
|
Turkey or broiler house |
7 |
22.58% |
|
Floor layer operation |
5 |
16.13% |
|
Breeder house |
2 |
6.45% |
|
Duck house |
2 |
6.45% |
|
Individual bird research cages |
1 |
3.23% |
|
Stack Air System (dries manure) |
1 |
3.23% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
48 |
|
|
|
Table 3. Layer House Type |
|
|
|
Layer House Type |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (24) |
|
High rise |
18 |
75.00% |
|
Wide span |
6 |
25.00% |
|
Deep Pit |
1 |
4.17% |
|
Floor breeder |
1 |
4.17% |
|
Individual bird research cages |
1 |
4.17% |
|
"Old fashioned" |
1 |
4.17% |
|
Stack Air |
1 |
4.17% |
|
Two-story operation |
1 |
4.17% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
30 |
|
|
|
Table 4. Layer House Floor Type |
|
|
|
Floor Type |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (32) |
|
Concrete |
30 |
93.75% |
|
Wood |
4 |
12.50% |
|
Soil |
3 |
9.38% |
|
Duck house |
2 |
6.25% |
|
Wire |
2 |
6.25% |
|
Slatted |
1 |
3.13% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
42 |
|
|
Table 5. indicates the most common method for cleaning out manure in
poultry housing facilities. A majority of survey respondents (71.88%) indicated
the tractor was the most common method of manure removal.
|
Table 5. Manure Removal |
|
|
|
Removal Method |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (32) |
|
Tractor |
23 |
71.88% |
|
Scraper |
15 |
46.88% |
|
Belt |
5 |
15.63% |
|
High-pressure flushing |
2 |
6.25% |
|
Fork and Shovel |
1 |
3.13% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
46 |
|
|
Table 6. illustrates the frequency of manure removal for poultry facilities. The
most common response (32.26%) was semi-annually, followed closely by annual clean out
(29.03%).
|
Table 6. Frequency of Manure Removal |
|
|
Frequency |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (31) |
|
Semi-annually |
10 |
32.26% |
|
Annually |
9 |
29.03% |
|
Weekly |
7 |
22.58% |
|
Daily |
6 |
19.35% |
|
Monthly |
5 |
16.13% |
|
10 to 11 weeks |
1 |
3.23% |
|
18 weeks (end of batch) |
1 |
3.23% |
|
After each flock in pullet house |
1 |
3.23% |
|
After flock removal |
1 |
3.23% |
|
Bi-monthly |
1 |
3.23% |
|
Every two months |
1 |
3.23% |
|
Three times/week |
1 |
3.23% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
44 |
|
|
As Table 7. Indicates, the most common type of watering system used was nipple, with
68.75 % of those surveyed. Respondents indicated that well water was the main water
source for poultry facilities (87.50%) (Table 8).
|
Table 7. Watering System for Poultry Facilities |
|
|
System |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (32) |
|
Nipple |
22 |
68.75% |
|
Bell-type |
6 |
18.75% |
|
Cup |
6 |
18.75% |
|
Trough |
6 |
18.75% |
|
Plastic waterers |
1 |
3.13% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
41 |
|
|
|
Table 8. Water Source for Poultry Facilities |
|
|
Watering System |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (32) |
|
Well |
28 |
87.50% |
|
Municipal |
3 |
9.38% |
|
Pond |
2 |
6.25% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
33 |
|
|
Poultry producers were asked to rank each pest as to their difficulty to control with
1 being the most difficult and 10 being the least difficult to control (Table 10). A
majority of producers felt that rodents, hide beetles, flies and darkling/litter beetles
were the most difficult to control with an average difficulty level of 1.8-3.6. The pest
category "rodents" was considered to cause the greatest economic loss (87.50%) followed
by flies (68.75%) and lesser mealworm/hide beetles (40.63%) (Table 9).
|
Table 9. Pests Causing Economic Loss to Poultry Operation |
|
|
Pest |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (32) |
|
Rodents |
28 |
87.50% |
|
Flies |
22 |
68.75% |
|
Lesser mealworm, hide beetles |
13 |
40.63% |
|
Northern fowl mite |
7 |
21.88% |
|
Chicken louse |
2 |
6.25% |
|
Chicken mite |
2 |
6.25% |
|
Dogs |
1 |
3.13% |
|
Owls |
1 |
3.13% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
76 |
|
|
Poultry producers were asked to rank each pest as to their difficulty to control with
1 being the most difficult and 10 being the least difficult to control (Table 10). A
majority of producers felt that rodents, hide beetles, flies and darkling/litter beetles
were the most difficult to control with an average difficulty level of 1.8-3.6. The pest
category "rodents" was considered to cause the greatest economic loss (87.50%) followed
by flies (68.75%) and lesser mealworm/hide beetles (40.63%) (Table 9).
|
Table 10. Pest Ranking from Most Difficult to Least
Difficult to Control in Poultry Facilities (Scale from 1-10)
|
|
Pest |
# of Responses |
Average Difficulty |
|
|
Chicken louse |
10 |
5.90 |
(1) Most difficult to control...
(10) Least difficult to control
|
|
|
Ticks |
10 |
5.40 |
|
|
Chicken mite |
11 |
5.00 |
|
|
Northern fowl mite |
17 |
4.20 |
|
|
Darkling/Litter beetle |
22 |
3.60 |
|
|
Flies |
27 |
2.00 |
|
|
Hide beetles |
1 |
2.00 |
|
|
Rodents |
29 |
1.80 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
127 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table 11 illustrates pests that poultry producers felt were most difficult to control
with materials currently registered. Flies were indicated as the most difficult to
control with currently registered pesticides (65.22%) followed closely by rodents (56.52%).
The pest least difficult to control was indicated as lesser mealworm/hide beetles with only
two responses or 8.70% selected.
|
Table 11. Pests that Appear to be Most Resistant to
Pesticides Available |
|
|
Pest |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (23) |
|
Flies |
15 |
65.22% |
|
Rodents |
13 |
56.52% |
|
Northern fowl mite |
3 |
13.04% |
|
Lesser mealworm, hide beetles |
2 |
8.70% |
|
None |
1 |
4.35% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
34 |
|
|
Maintenance of grounds around poultry facilities, water sources and manure holding areas
(Axtell, 1985) is considered critical in managing pest populations. As respondents
indicated, rodents were believed to cause the most economic damage. Keeping weeds
controlled or eradicated around poultry facilities helps to keep rodent harborage down.
Weeds can also restrict air flow to and from poultry houses. Therefore, herbicides may be
part of a poultry producers pest control program.
Tables 12 and 12a illustrate herbicide use by New York poultry producers. A total
of 9 records in 6 counties indicated 4 herbicide products used. Round-up (glyphosate)
was the most used among respondents (21.60 lbs a.i.). Erie county had the highest number
of respondents (3) using herbicides.
|
Table 12. Summary of Herbicides Used by County
|
|
|
County |
Trade Name |
Active Ingredient |
EPA Reg.
No. |
Total Amt.
Prod. Used |
|
Erie |
Round-up Ultra |
glyphosate |
524-475 |
6 qts. |
|
|
Banvel |
dicamba |
55947-1 |
3 pts. |
|
|
Gramoxone Extra |
paraquat |
10182-280 |
2 qts. |
|
Niagara |
Gramoxone Extra |
paraquat |
10182-280 |
2 qts. |
|
|
Round-up Ultra |
glyphosate |
524-475 |
1 qt. |
|
Onondaga |
Round-up |
glyphosate |
524-445 |
5.4 gal. |
|
Orange |
Round-up |
glyphosate |
524-445 |
* |
|
Sullivan |
Round-up |
glyphosate |
524-445 |
* |
|
Tompkins |
Round-up Ultra |
glyphosate |
524-475 |
9 pts. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Unknown due to insufficient data |
|
|
|
|
|
Table 12a. Summary of Herbicides Used by NYS Poultry Producers
|
|
|
Product |
Active Ingredient |
EPA Reg.
No. |
# of
Records |
Total Amt.
Prod. |
Total Amt.
a.i. |
|
Banvel |
dicamba |
55947-1 |
1 |
3 pts. |
1.50 lbs. |
|
Gramoxone Extra |
paraquat |
10182-280 |
2 |
6 pts. |
1.88 lbs. |
|
Round-up |
glyphosate |
524-445 |
3 |
5.4 gal |
21.60 lbs. |
|
Round-up Ultra |
glyphosate |
524-475 |
3 |
23 pts. |
11.50 lbs. |
|
Half of the respondents using herbicides spent between $10 and $49 in 1998 on
herbicide products. Only one poultry producer indicated they spent over $700 on herbicides
(Table 13).
|
Table 13. Amount Poultry Producers Spent on Herbicides
in 1998 |
|
Amount |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (8) |
|
$ 10-49 |
4 |
50.00% |
|
$100-299 |
2 |
25.00% |
|
$500-700 |
1 |
12.50% |
|
over $700 |
1 |
12.50% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
8 |
|
|
Rodenticides used for rodent control in poultry facilities are summarized in Tables 14
and 14a. Collectively, the tables list materials by county, trade name, active ingredient(s),
EPA registration number, number of records indicating use, total amount of product
applied, and total amount of active ingredient applied.
Table 14. Summary of Rodenticide Use by
County
|
| County |
Trade Name |
Active Ingredient |
EPA Reg.
No. |
Total Amt.
Prod. Used |
| Broome |
Hawk RTU Place Pac |
bromadiolone |
12455-76 |
162 packs |
|
Rampage RTU Place Pac |
cholecalciferol |
3240-42 |
8.472 oz. |
| Cayuga |
TomCat All-Weather Bait Chunx |
diphacinone |
12455-81 |
8 lbs. |
|
D-Cease |
difethialone |
7173-211 |
26.48 oz. |
|
Hawk Bait Chunx |
bromadiolone |
12455-79 |
3 lbs. |
| Dutchess |
Eaton's All-Weather Bait Blocks |
diphacinone |
56-42 |
* |
| Erie |
ZP Tracking Powder |
zinc phosphide |
12455-16 |
1000 grams |
|
Quintox |
cholecalciferol |
12455-39 |
132 lbs. |
|
Boot Hill Mini Blocks |
bromadiolone |
7173-202 |
400 lbs. |
|
Generation Mini-Blocks |
difethialone |
7173-218 |
100 lbs. |
|
Final RTU Place Pac |
brodifacoum |
12455-91 |
186 lbs. |
| Genesee |
Contrac All-Weather Blox |
bromadiolone |
12455-79 |
100 lbs. |
| Herkimer |
Havoc Rodenticide Bait Pack |
brodifacoum |
10182-340 |
12 lbs. |
| Jefferson |
Maki Rat and Mouse Bait Pack |
bromadiolone |
7173-188 |
* |
|
d-Con RTU Bait Trays |
brodifacoum |
3282-66 |
120 oz. |
| Niagara |
Havoc Rodenticide Bait Pack |
brodifacoum |
10182-340 |
132 oz. |
| Onondaga |
Hawk Rodenticide |
bromadiolone |
12455-69 |
500 lbs. |
|
Maki Rat & Mouse Meal Bait |
bromadiolone |
7173-186 |
180 lbs. |
|
Boot Hill Poultry |
bromadiolone |
7173-171 |
20 gal. |
| Ontario |
Talon-G Rodenticide Pellets |
brodifacoum |
10182-336 |
45 lbs. |
|
House Bait |
|
|
|
| Orange |
Boot Hill Poultry House Bait |
bromadiolone |
7173-171 |
200 lbs. |
| Saratoga |
Maki Rat & Mouse Meal Bait |
bromadiolone |
7173-186 |
270 lbs. |
|
Contrac All-Weather Blox |
bromadiolone |
12455-79 |
25 lbs. |
|
Final Rodenticide |
brodifacoum |
12455-90 |
50 lbs. |
|
Quintox |
cholecalciferol |
12455-39 |
20 lbs. |
| Schenectady |
Havoc Rodenticide Bait Pack |
brodifacoum |
10182-340 |
* |
| Schyler |
Just-One-Bite Bait Pack |
bromadiolone |
7173-188 |
* |
| Seneca |
Enforcer Rat & Mouse Killer |
chlorophacinone |
7173-128 |
2 lbs. |
|
Gas Cartridge |
sodium nitrate |
56228-2 |
40.81 oz. |
|
ZP Tracking Powder |
zinc phosphide |
12455-16 |
1 lb. |
| Suffolk |
Contrac All-Weather Blox |
bromadiolone |
12455-79 |
480 lbs. |
|
Final Blox |
brodifacoum |
12455-89 |
144 lbs. |
|
Maki Rat & Mouse Bait Pack |
bromadiolone |
7173-188 |
200 packs |
| Sullivan |
Maki Paraffinized Pellets |
bromadiolone |
7173-187 |
* |
|
Hawk RTU Place Pac |
bromadiolone |
12455-76 |
1 pack |
|
Jaguar RTU Place Pac |
brodifacoum |
12455-91 |
1 pack |
|
Contrac All-Weather Blox |
bromadiolone |
12455-79 |
300 lbs. |
|
Liqua-Tox II |
diphacinone |
12455-61 |
1 gal. |
|
Vengeance Bait Pellets |
bromethalin |
432-746 |
100 lbs. |
| Tompkins |
Contrac All-Weather Blox |
bromadiolone |
12455-79 |
50 lbs. |
|
Contrac Rodenticide Place Pac |
bromadiolone |
12455-86 |
600 packs |
|
Havoc Rodenticide Bait Pack |
brodifacoum |
10182-340 |
183.56 oz. |
|
Generation Mini-Blocks |
difethialone |
7173-218 |
360 oz. |
|
Rozol Blue Tracking Powder |
chlorophacinone |
7173-172 |
4 oz. |
| Wayne |
Jaguar Bait Chunx |
brodifacoum |
12455-89 |
180 lbs. |
|
Generation Mini-Blocks |
difethialone |
7173-218 |
200 lbs. |
|
Hombre RTU Pellet Placepacks |
difethialone |
7173-206 |
140 lbs. |
|
Hawk Bait Chunx |
bromadiolone |
12455-79 |
160 lbs. |
| Wyoming |
Boot Hill Paraffinized Pellets |
bromadiolone |
7173-187 |
5 lbs. |
|
Hombre RTU Pellets |
difethialone |
7173-205 |
20 lbs. |
|
Clout All-Weather Bait |
bromethalin |
67517-66 |
1 lb. |
|
Just-One-Bite Loose Pellets |
bromadiolone |
7173-187 |
5 lbs. |
* Unknown due to insufficient data
|
Table 14a. Summary of Rodenticides Used by NYS Poultry Producers
|
| Product |
Active
Ingredient |
EPA Reg.
No. |
# of
Records |
Total Amt.
Prod. |
Total Amt.
a.i. |
| Boot Hill Mini Blocks |
bromadiolone |
7173-202 |
1 |
400 lbs. |
.02000 lbs. |
| Boot Hill Paraffinized Pellets |
bromadiolone |
7173-187 |
1 |
5 lbs. |
.00025 lbs. |
| Boot Hill Poultry House Bait |
bromadiolone |
7173-171 |
2 |
220 lbs. |
.01100 lbs. |
| Clout All-Weather Bait |
bromethalin |
67517-66 |
1 |
1 lb. |
.00010 lbs. |
| Contrac All-Weather Blox |
bromadiolone |
12455-79 |
5 |
955 lbs. |
.04775 lbs. |
| Contrac Rodenticide Place Pac |
bromadiolone |
12455-86 |
1 |
600 packs |
.00281 lbs. |
| D-Cease |
difethialone |
7173-211 |
1 |
26.48 oz. |
.00004 lbs. |
| d-Con RTU Bait Trays |
brodifacoum |
3282-66 |
2 |
120 oz. |
.00038 lbs. |
| Eaton's All-Weather Bait Blocks |
diphacinone |
56-42 |
1 |
* |
* |
| Enforcer Rat & Mouse Killer |
chlorophacinone |
7173-128 |
1 |
2 lbs. |
.00010 lbs. |
| Final Blox |
brodifacoum |
12455-89 |
1 |
144 lbs. |
.00720 lbs. |
| Final Rodenticide |
brodifacoum |
12455-90 |
1 |
50 lbs. |
.00250 lbs. |
| Final RTU Place Pac |
brodifacoum |
12455-91 |
1 |
186 lbs. |
.00930 lbs. |
| Gas Cartridge |
sodium nitrate |
56228-2 |
1 |
40.81 oz. |
1.35150 lbs. |
| Generation Mini-Blocks |
difethialone |
7173-218 |
3 |
322.5 lbs. |
.00806 lbs. |
| Havoc Rodenticide Bait Pack |
brodifacoum |
10182-340 |
4 |
31.72 lbs. |
.00159 lbs. |
| Hawk Bait Chunx |
bromadiolone |
12455-79 |
2 |
163 lbs. |
.00815 lbs. |
| Hawk Rodenticide |
bromadiolone |
12455-69 |
1 |
500 lbs. |
.02500 lbs. |
| Hawk RTU Place Pac |
bromadiolone |
12455-76 |
2 |
163 packs |
.00076 lbs. |
| Hombre RTU Pellet Placepacks |
difethialone |
7173-206 |
1 |
140 lbs. |
.00350 lbs. |
| Hombre RTU Pellets |
difethialone |
7173-205 |
1 |
20 lbs. |
.00050 lbs. |
| Jaguar Bait Chunx |
brodifacoum |
12455-89 |
1 |
180 lbs. |
.00900 lbs. |
| Jaguar RTU Place Pac |
brodifacoum |
12455-91 |
1 |
1 pack |
.000003 lbs. |
| Just-One-Bite Bait Pack |
bromadiolone |
7173-188 |
1 |
* |
* |
| Just-One-Bite Loose Pellets |
bromadiolone |
7173-187 |
1 |
5 lbs. |
.00025 lbs. |
| Liqua-Tox II |
diphacinone |
12455-61 |
1 |
1 gal. |
.00045 lbs. |
| Maki Paraffinized Pellets |
bromadiolone |
7173-187 |
1 |
* |
* |
| Maki Rat & Mouse Meal Bait |
bromadiolone |
7173-186 |
2 |
450 lbs. |
.02250 lbs. |
| Maki Rat and Mouse Bait Pack |
bromadiolone |
7173-188 |
2 |
18.75 lbs. |
.00094 lbs. |
| Quintox |
cholecalciferol |
12455-39 |
2 |
152 lbs. |
.11400 lbs. |
| Rampage RTU Place Pac |
cholecalciferol |
3240-42 |
1 |
8.472 oz. |
.00040 lbs. |
| Rozol Blue Tracking Powder |
chlorophacinone |
7173-172 |
1 |
4 oz. |
.00050 lbs. |
| Talon-G Rodenticide Pellets |
brodifacoum |
10182-336 |
1 |
45 lbs. |
.00225 lbs. |
| TomCat All-Weather Bait Chunx |
diphacinone |
12455-81 |
1 |
8 lbs. |
.00040 lbs. |
| Vengeance Bait Pellets |
bromethalin |
432-746 |
1 |
100 lbs. |
.01000 lbs. |
| ZP Tracking Powder |
zinc phosphide |
12455-16 |
2 |
3.21 lbs. |
.32100 lbs. |
* Unknown due to insufficient data |
A majority of poultry producers (30.77%) spent over $700 in 1998 on rodenticides. The next
highest grouping (26.92%) spent between $100 and $299 (Table 15).
|
Table 15. Amount Poultry Producers Spent on Rodenticides in 1998
|
|
Amount |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (26) |
|
over $700 |
8 |
30.77% |
|
$100-299 |
7 |
26.92% |
|
$300-499 |
4 |
15.38% |
|
$50-99 |
4 |
15.38% |
|
$10-49 |
2 |
7.69% |
|
$500-700 |
1 |
3.85% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
26 |
|
|
Table 16 summarizes alternative methods used for control of rodents in poultry
facilities. The most commonly used method was cats (56.00%) followed closely by traps (52.00%).
|
Table 16. Methods other than Rodenticides Used to
Control Rodents in Poultry Facilities
|
|
Method |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (25) |
|
Cats |
14 |
56.00% |
|
Traps |
13 |
52.00% |
|
Exclusion |
11 |
44.00% |
|
Sticky boards |
4 |
16.00% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
42 |
|
|
Insecticides and acaracides used for pest control in poultry facilities are summarized
in Tables 17 and 17a. Collectively, the tables list materials by county, trade name, active
ingredient(s), EPA registration number, number of records indicating use, total amount of
product applied, and total amount of active ingredient applied.
Table 17. Summary of Insecticides Used by County
|
| County |
Trade Name |
Active
Ingredient |
EPA Reg.
No. |
Area/Birds
Treated |
Rate of
Application |
# of
Apps. |
Total Amt.
Prod. Used |
| Cayuga |
Cygon |
dimethoate |
5905-493 |
12800 sq. ft. |
* |
3 |
* |
|
Tempo |
cyfluthrin |
3125-380 |
3000 sq. ft. |
* |
4 |
* |
|
Lorsban 15G |
chlorpyrifos |
62719-34 |
12800 sq. ft. |
* |
3 |
* |
|
Ectiban |
permethrin |
28293-128 |
3000 sq. ft. |
* |
3 |
* |
| Erie |
Blue Streak |
methomyl |
270-255 |
60000 sq. ft. |
6 gal. |
14 |
84 gal. |
|
Tempo 20 WP |
cyfluthrin |
3125-380 |
476091 sq. ft. |
9080 grams |
1 |
9080 grams |
|
Cygon |
dimethoate |
1386-449 |
112500 sq. ft. |
9 gal. |
1 |
9 gal. |
|
Larvadex |
cyromazine |
100-662 |
46800 birds |
225 lbs. |
1 |
225 lbs. |
| Genesee |
Larvadex (CyFly) |
cyromazine |
71176-2 |
30000 birds |
per label |
* |
* |
| Jefferson |
Ectiban EC |
permethrin |
59-214 |
100 sq. ft. |
* |
* |
* |
| Niagara |
Cygon 2E |
dimethoate |
2393-377 |
11000 sq. ft. |
1% mix |
1 |
* |
| Onondaga |
Ectiban EC |
permethrin |
59-214 |
50000 sq. ft. |
1 qt./10 gal. |
2 |
* |
|
Insectrin X |
permethrin |
28293-128 |
50000 sq. ft. |
1 qt./25 gal. |
5 |
* |
|
Cygon 2EC |
dimethoate |
2393-377 |
50000 sq. ft. |
1 pt./5 qt. |
5 |
* |
|
Blue Streak Fly Bait |
methomyl |
270-255 |
* |
* |
* |
* |
| Ontario |
Sevin |
carbaryl |
* |
* |
1 tsp. |
3 |
3 tsp. |
| Orange |
Tempo |
cyfluthrin |
3125-380 |
4800 sq. ft. |
per label |
1 |
* |
|
Permithrin |
permithrin |
* |
4800 sq. ft. |
per label |
3 |
* |
|
Cygon |
dimethoate |
2393-377 |
2700 sq. ft. |
per label |
10 |
* |
|
Larvadex |
cyromazine |
100-662 |
30000 birds |
1 lb./ton feed |
3 wks |
* |
|
Apache Fly Bait |
methomyl |
270-255 |
* |
50 lbs. |
1 |
50 lbs. |
| Saratoga |
Larvadex |
cyromazine |
70585-1 |
160000 birds |
1 lb./ton finished feed |
4 mo. |
* |
|
Permithrin-10 |
permithrin |
28293-128 |
140000 birds |
1 qt./5000 birds |
1 |
28 qts. |
|
Tempo 20 WP |
cyfluthrin |
3125-380 |
15000 sq. ft. |
20 grams/1000 sq. ft. |
2 |
600 grams |
|
Pyronyl Oil Conc. |
pyrethrins |
655-501 |
200000 sq. ft. |
1 oz./15,000 sq. ft. |
20 |
266.67 oz. |
|
Apache |
methomyl |
270-255 |
12000 sq. ft. |
4 oz/500 sq. ft. |
30 |
2880 oz. |
| Schenectady |
Larvadex |
cyromazine |
100-662 |
* |
* |
* |
* |
| Suffolk |
Zeposector A Spray |
allethrin/ bicycloheptene |
1270-222 |
60000 sq. ft. |
1 gal./10,000 sq. ft. |
3 |
18 gal. |
|
Apache |
methomyl |
270-255 |
* |
* |
* |
* |
| Sullivan |
Apache |
methomyl |
270-255 |
* |
8 oz./walk way |
when needed |
|
|
DC + R Fumigant |
Tris Nitro |
134-65 |
60000 sq. ft. |
2 gal. |
2 |
4 gal. |
|
|
formaldehyde |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trisodium phosphide |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ammonium chloride |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sevin 80% |
carbaryl |
8590-590 |
90000 birds |
10 lbs./15000 birds |
6 |
360 lbs. |
|
Pyrethrin |
pyrenthrin |
* |
1250000 cu. ft. |
1 gal./350,000 cu. ft. |
3 |
10.71 gal. |
|
Permethrin |
permethrin |
* |
1250 cu. ft. |
1 gal./350,000 cu. ft. |
1 |
0.004 gal. |
|
Cygon 2E |
dimethoate |
2393-377 |
32000 sq. ft. |
2.5 oz./400 sq. ft. |
5 |
1000 oz. |
|
Apache Bait |
methomyl |
270-255 |
20000 sq. ft. |
35 lbs./5000 sq. ft. |
8 |
1120 lbs. |
| Tompkins |
Atroban 11% EC |
permethrin |
59-201 |
13000 sq. ft. |
per label |
3 |
|
|
Ectiban EC |
permethrin |
59-214 |
3000 sq. ft. |
4 oz./1000 sq. ft. |
10 |
120 oz. |
|
Livestock and Farm Spray |
pyrethrins/ PBO/ bicycloheptene |
8590-571 |
3000 sq. ft. |
6 oz./1000 cu. ft. |
16 |
288 oz. |
|
Golden Malrin |
methomyl |
2724-274 |
3000 sq. ft. |
4 oz./500 sq. ft. |
4 |
96 oz. |
| Wayne |
Prentox 2.5% |
pyrethrins |
655-785 |
260000 cu. ft. |
1 gal. |
14 |
14 gal. |
|
Tempo 20WP |
cyfluthrin |
3125-380 |
6000 sq. ft. |
114 grams total |
1 |
114 grams |
|
Durvet 10% permethrin |
permethrin |
28293-128 |
160000 birds |
25 qts. total |
1 |
25 qts. |
|
Blue Streak |
methomyl |
270-255 |
* |
320 lbs. total |
* |
320 lbs. |
|
Carbaryl 4L |
carbaryl |
34704-447 |
50000 birds |
20 qts. total |
1 |
20 qts. |
| Wyoming |
Tempo |
cyfluthrin |
3125-380 |
23000 sq. ft. |
per label .05% solution |
1 |
|
|
Larvadex |
cyromazine |
100-662 |
* |
* |
3 wks in spring |
|
|
Apache |
methomyl |
270-255 |
* |
* |
when needed |
|
|
* Unknown due to insufficient data
Table 17a. Summary of Insecticides Used by NYS Poultry Producers
|
| Product |
Active
Ingredient |
EPA Reg.
No. |
# of
Records |
Total Amt.
Prod. |
Total Amt.
A.I. |
| Apache Fly Bait |
methomyl |
270-255 |
6 |
338 lbs. |
3.38 lbs. |
| Atroban 11% EC |
permethrin |
59-201 |
1 |
* |
* |
| Blue Streak Fly Bait |
methomyl |
270-255 |
3 |
404 lbs. |
4.04 lbs. |
| Carbaryl 4L |
carbaryl |
34704-447 |
1 |
20 qts. |
19.20 lbs. |
| Cygon 2-E |
dimethoate |
1386-449 |
1 |
9 gal. |
18.00 lbs. |
| Cygon 2-E |
dimethoate |
2393-377 |
4 |
92.5 oz. |
1.45 lbs. |
| Cygon |
dimethoate |
5905-493 |
1 |
* |
* |
| DC+R Spray Fumigant |
tris nitro |
134-65 |
1 |
4 gal. |
6.8 lbs. |
|
formaldehyde |
|
|
|
0.72 lbs. |
|
trisodium phosphate |
|
|
|
0.12 lbs. |
|
ammonium chloride |
|
|
|
0.84 lbs. |
| Durvet 10% permethrin |
permethrin |
28293-128 |
1 |
25 qt. |
4.69 lbs. |
| Ectiban |
permethrin |
28293-128 |
1 |
* |
* |
| Ectiban EC |
permethrin |
59-214 |
3 |
104 oz. |
.34 lbs. |
| Golden Malrin |
methomyl |
2724-274 |
1 |
16 oz. |
.01 lbs. |
| Larvadex 2SL |
cyromazine |
100-662 |
4 |
226 gal. |
38.42 lbs. |
| Larvadex 1% Premix |
cyromazine |
70585-1 |
1 |
1 lb. |
.01 lbs. |
| Larvadex (CyFly) |
cyromazine |
71176-2 |
1 |
* |
* |
| Livestock and Farm Spray |
pyrethrins |
8590-571 |
1 |
96 oz. |
.015 lbs. |
|
PBO |
|
|
|
.029 lbs. |
|
bicycloheptene dicarboximide |
|
|
|
.049 lbs. |
| Lorsban 15G |
chlorpyrifos |
62719-34 |
1 |
* |
* |
| Permethrin 10% EC |
permethrin |
28293-128 |
4 |
10 qts. |
1.88 lbs. |
| Prentox Pyrifos Residual Spray |
pyrethrins |
655-786 |
1 |
14 gal. |
0.049 lbs. |
|
PBO |
|
|
|
0.243 lbs. |
|
chlorpyifos |
|
|
|
0.468 lbs. |
| Pyrethrin |
pyrethrin |
* |
1 |
3 gal. |
* |
| Pyronyl Oil Concentrate |
pyrethrins |
655-501 |
1 |
20 oz. |
0.032 lbs. |
|
PBO |
|
|
|
0.065 lbs. |
|
bicycloheptene dicarboximide |
|
|
|
0.108 lbs. |
| Sevin |
carbaryl |
* |
1 |
3 tsp. |
* |
| Sevin 80 Sprayable |
carbaryl |
8590-590 |
1 |
60 lbs. |
48.00 lbs. |
| Tempo 20 WP |
cyfluthrin |
3125-380 |
6 |
9234 g. |
4.0745 lbs. |
| Zeposector A Spray |
allethrin |
1270-222 |
1 |
3 gal. |
0.05 lbs. |
|
bicycloheptene dicarboximide |
|
|
|
0.06 lbs. |
|
PBO |
|
|
|
0.10 lbs. |
|
* Unknown due to insufficient data
A percentage of poultry producers (18.18%) spent between $1000 and $1999 in 1998 on
insecticides. An equal percentage (18.18%) spent between $300 and $499. Two respondents
(9.09%) indicated they spent between $4000 and $6000 for insecticides (Table 18).
|
Table 18. Amount Poultry Producers Spent on Insecticides/Acaracides
in 1998
|
|
Amount |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records |
|
$1000-1999 |
4 |
18.18% |
|
$300-499 |
4 |
18.18% |
|
$10-49 |
3 |
13.64% |
|
$2000-3999 |
3 |
13.64% |
|
$4000-6000 |
2 |
9.09% |
|
$50-99 |
2 |
9.09% |
|
$500-699 |
2 |
9.09% |
|
$100-299 |
1 |
4.55% |
|
$700-999 |
1 |
4.55% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
22 |
|
|
Table 19 summarizes alternative methods used to control arthropod pests in poultry
facilities. The most commonly used method was manure management (93.10%) followed by
sanitation (75.86%). Use of beneficial insects accounted for 41.38% of those surveyed
(12 respondents). This percentage use has doubled from 1992 when poultry producers were
last surveyed.
|
Table 19. Methods other than Insecticides Used to
Control Pests in Poultry Facilities
|
|
Method |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (29) |
|
Manure management |
27 |
93.10% |
|
Sanitation |
22 |
75.86% |
|
Fly ribbons, sticky paper |
16 |
55.17% |
|
Baited traps |
12 |
41.38% |
|
Biocontrols-predators and parasites |
12 |
41.38% |
|
Electronic bug killers |
11 |
37.93% |
|
Air-drying |
1 |
3.45% |
|
hydrating lime |
1 |
3.45% |
|
Non-baited traps ("tin cats") |
1 |
3.45% |
|
Pit fans to dry out manure |
1 |
3.45% |
|
Stack air cage system to dry out manure |
1 |
3.45% |
|
None |
1 |
3.45% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
106 |
|
|
Respondents indicated that 70.37% were certified pesticide applicators compared to 29.63%
who were not (Table 20). This figure is up from the 1992 survey. At that time, 55.1% of
respondents were certified pesticide applicators. All of the poultry producers that
responded to the survey indicated that they applied their own pesticides (100%)
(Table 21).
|
Table 20. Pesticide Certification Status
|
|
|
Are you a Certified
Pesticide Applicator? |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (27) |
|
Yes |
19 |
70.37% |
|
No |
8 |
29.63% |
|
|
Table 21. Who Makes Pesticide Applications for Poultry Facilities
|
|
Applicator |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (32) |
|
I/my employee |
32 |
100% |
|
Custom applicator |
0 |
0% |
|
Both |
0 |
0% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
32 |
|
|
Respondents used a variety of pesticide application methods. The most common responses
indicated residual sprays (43.75%), space sprays (34.38%), and baits (28.13%). The least
used method of pest control was manure treatment (9.38%) (Table 22). This percentage has
increased minutely from the 1992 survey in which 8.8% of producers indicated use of
manure treatments.
|
Table 22. Application Methods
|
|
Method |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (32) |
|
Residual spray |
14 |
43.75% |
|
Space spray |
11 |
34.38% |
|
Bait |
9 |
28.13% |
|
Feed-through larvicide |
5 |
15.63% |
|
Bird spray |
5 |
15.63% |
|
Manure treatment |
3 |
9.38% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
47 |
|
|
Table 23 indicates the type of application equipment producers used to apply pesticides
to poultry. The most common response was backpack or hand-pump sprayers (28.95%), followed
by foggers (21.05%) and high-pressure sprayers (15.79%).
|
Table 23. Application Equipment used by Poultry Producers
|
|
Equipment |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (32) |
|
Backpack or hand-pump sprayer |
11 |
28.95% |
|
Fogger |
8 |
21.05% |
|
High-pressure sprayer |
6 |
28.95% |
|
Mist sprayer |
4 |
10.53% |
|
Shaker can |
2 |
5.26% |
|
Bait stations |
1 |
2.63% |
|
Converted 12 volt spot sprayer |
1 |
2.63% |
|
with 7 ft. boom |
|
|
|
Cup dispenser |
1 |
2.63% |
|
Feed mill auto |
1 |
2.63% |
|
Hand dispenser |
1 |
2.63% |
|
Hand spread |
1 |
2.63% |
|
Spread by hand |
1 |
2.63% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
38 |
|
|
Poultry producers used "presence of pests" (92.86%) and "personal discomfort" (46.43%)
most often as the criteria for deciding whether or not to apply pesticides (Table 24).
Some other criteria such as "sampling thresholds" (39.29%), "treat on a routine schedule"
(39.29%), and "animal discomfort" (35.71%) were also indicated. Only 14.29% of respondents
indicated they made pest management decisions based on "suggestions from Cooperative
Extension agents/specialists." "Suggestion of chemical salesperson" was the least
indicated criteria for applying a pesticide.
|
Table 24. Criteria Used for Pest Management Decisions for
Poultry Facilities
|
|
Criteria |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (28) |
|
Presence of pests |
26 |
92.86% |
|
Personal disomfort |
13 |
46.43% |
|
Sampling/thresholds |
11 |
39.29% |
|
Treat on a routine schedule |
11 |
39.29% |
|
Animal discomfort |
10 |
35.71% |
|
Reduced performance |
8 |
28.57% |
|
Complaints/concerns from neighbors |
6 |
21.43% |
|
Suggestion from veterinarian or |
5 |
17.86% |
|
other professional |
|
|
|
Advice of other farmers |
4 |
14.29% |
|
Suggestion from Cooperative Extension |
4 |
14.29% |
|
agent/specialist |
|
|
|
Egg Quality Assurance Program |
1 |
3.57% |
|
Suggestion of chemical salesman |
1 |
3.57% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
100 |
|
|
Table 25 indicates the frequency of calibration of pesticide application equipment
by poultry producers. Thirty-five percent indicated that they calibrate their equipment
before each application, 25% calibrate once a season, and 25% calibrate two to three times
a season. Only 10% indicated they never calibrate their pesticide applicators. This figure
is down from the 25.6% who reported in the 1992 survey that they never calibrated equipment.
|
Table 25. Frequency of Calibration of Pesticide
Application Equipment
|
|
Frequency |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (20) |
|
Before each application |
7 |
35.00% |
|
Once a season |
5 |
25.00% |
|
Two to three times per season |
5 |
25.00% |
|
Never calibrate equipment |
2 |
10.00% |
|
Type of application does not |
1 |
5.00% |
|
require calibration |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
20 |
|
|
Storage and disposal of pesticides are summarized in Table 26-28. The most common storage
site was in a separate storage facility (54.17%) followed by an area within the poultry
house (50.00%). A majority of poultry producers indicated that they carried pesticides
over to the next season (66.67%). Most respondents (68.18%) indicated that they disposed
of empty pesticide containers in a landfill after triple-rinsing. The next highest response
was burning empty pesticide containers (22.73%).
|
Table 26. Pesticide Storage Practices
|
|
Storage Area |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (24) |
|
Separate storage facility |
13 |
54.17% |
|
In an area within the poultry house |
12 |
50.00% |
|
Basement of office |
1 |
4.17% |
|
Garage |
1 |
4.17% |
|
Metal cabinet inside storage room |
1 |
4.17% |
|
Tool shed |
1 |
4.17% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
29 |
|
|
|
Table 27. Disposal of Unwanted or Unused Pesticides
|
|
Method |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (22) |
|
Carryover to next season |
16 |
72.73% |
|
Return to pesticide |
3 |
13.64% |
|
manufacturer/dealer |
|
|
|
Purchase only quantity needed |
3 |
13.64% |
|
County disposal programs |
1 |
4.55% |
|
Use up all in one season |
1 |
4.55% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
24 |
|
|
|
Table 28. Disposal of Empty Pesticide Containers
|
|
Source |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (22) |
|
Landfill after triple-rinsing |
15 |
68.18% |
|
Burn |
5 |
22.73% |
|
Recycle after triple-rinsing |
3 |
13.64% |
|
Bury |
1 |
4.55% |
|
Dispose of according to instructions |
1 |
4.55% |
|
Town pick-up |
1 |
4.55% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
26 |
|
|
Producers indicated that they chose a specific pesticide for use on
their poultry based on past success with the product (83.33%), followed by
recommendation from Cooperative Extension (33.33%) and recommendation from chemical
salesperson (29.17%) (Table 29).
|
Table 29. Information Sources Used for Choice of Pesticide
|
|
Source |
# of
Responses |
% of
Records (24) |
|
Past success with product |
20 |
83.33% |
|
Recommendation by Cooperative Extension |
8 |
33.33% |
|
Recommendation by chemical salesperson |
7 |
29.17% |
|
Magazine, radio, or TV advertisement |
6 |
25.00% |
|
Recommendation by another farmer |
6 |
25.00% |
|
Recommendation by farm supply dealer |
6 |
25.00% |
|
Recommendation by a veterinarian |
3 |
12.50% |
|
|
|
|
|
Total: |
56 |
|
|
Conclusions
New York State poultry producers for the most part
housed their flocks in high-rise caged-layer houses with concrete floors. The tractor was
the primary method of manure removal from poultry facilities. Manure removal was done
semi-annually or annually. This practice has not changed much from the 1992 survey
(Partridge, et al, 1993) of NYS poultry producers.
Rodents were indicated as the pest causing
greatest economic loss to their operations in NYS, followed by flies and lesser
mealworm/hide beetles. Poultry producers felt that both flies and rodents were
the most difficult pests to control with currently registered active ingredients.
Presence of pest and personal discomfort were the main criteria for determining when
to use pesticides in their poultry facilities. The majority of survey respondents reported
that past success with a product, recommendations from Cooperative Extension, and a chemical
salesperson's recommendation were their primary criteria for determining which pesticides
to use against pests. Interestingly, Cooperative Extension was utilized much more than
indicated in the 1992 survey (33.33% versus 9.4%, respectively).
A small group of respondents were using herbicides
for weed control around their poultry facilities. Products that contained glyphosate,
dicamba, and paraquat were used. In addition, rodenticides were used by the majority of
respondents. Products that contained bromadiolone, brodifacoum, and difethialone were
used most often. The percentage of users for both herbicides and rodenticides remained
similar to the 1992 survey.
Residual sprays, space sprays and baits were most
commonly used for fly control in and around poultry houses. Products that contained
permethrin, cyfluthrin or methomyl were used against flies by a significant portion
of respondents. Most producers did not use feed-through larvicides or manure treatments.
Ninety-three percent of New York poultry
producers indicated that they were using manure management as an alternative to
pesticides. Forty-one percent of those surveyed indicated they used beneficial
insects. As indicated in the results, this percentage of use has doubled from the
1992 survey. According to Geden and Rutz (1991) and Scott et al., (1999), the house fly has
developed very high levels of resistance to the insecticides available (registered) for its
control. Therefore, poultry producers are in need of alternative methods for improved pest
suppression. Fly control in poultry facilities using a combination of parasitoid releases,
manure management and avoidance of insecticides that are harmful to the parasitoids has been
shown to give excellent control (Axtell, 1970).
During 1998, an equal amount of New York poultry
producers spent between $300 and $499, as well as between $1000 and $1999 annually for
fly control. A majority also spent between $10 and $49 on herbicides and over $700 on
rodenticides. Chemical fly control and rodent control costs have increased substantially
since the 1992 survey. Herbicide use and costs have remained the same.
Most poultry producers are disposing of empty
containers properly. Also, unused pesticides are being stored for the following season. The
most popular place for storage of unused pesticides was indicated as being stored in a
separate facility and not in the poultry house.
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